Ntchito mphira mu mankhwala ndi malonda. Ntchito mphira chachilengedwe: Zitsanzo

Mphira ndi pawiri organic amene chachikulu zigawo ndi mpweya ndi wa hydrogen. Pezani naye kunja kwa zomera wapadera zake, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa ya mphira. Izi oimira nyama a ku kotentha. ziwalo zawo (zipatso, masamba, nthambi, nthunthu, mizu) muli lalabala. Izi si yamkaka madzi kuyamwa, botanists, asayansi kukayikira kulunjika cha kufunikira kwake pa moyo wa thupi mbewu. Iwo Zodzitetezela pa coagulation analandira zotanuka thanthwe, lomwe ndi masoka achilengedwe ndi mphira.

History of atulukira mphira zachilengedwe

Athandiza Hristofora Kolumba mu chitukuko cha chitukuko dziko si kwa atulukira kwambiri m'mayiko ambiri. Zinali chombo ake, bailiff ku chilumba cha Hispaniola mu 1493, ankapita ku Spain, mankhwala loyamba mphira. Zinali rubbery bouncy mpira, amene am'deralo anapangidwa kuchokera kuyamwa a mitengo mphira - zomera pa magombe za Amazon. Powona monga Amwenye nsangala anaponya chinthu zodabwitsa, amene akuyesetsa pansi, ngakhale bounced, monga amoyo, monga kupanga kulumpha, ku Spain sanatero kwambiri anadabwa. Mutatha kugwira mpira bouncy, iwo anazindikira kuti n'lalikulu chokwanira, ndipo ngakhale tcheru kuti stickiness ake ndi fungo khalidwe la utsi.

Ntchito mphira kwa Amwenye si kwenikweni. akomweko osati ankasewera mpira, koma ntchito pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana achipembedzo. Ndi kuyamwa a mtengo, kuchokera zimenezi analandira yopatulika ndi anawatcha iwo "mphira mankhwala", kutanthauza "mtengo misozi."

Pakati curiosities anabweretsa kumbuyo ndi Columbus ku Spain, panalinso izi mpira zachilendo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba mbiri ya ntchito mphira.

Zoyesayesa woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito

Koma ku Ulaya salipidwa mokwanira kudabwitsa kwa Amwenye. Ndipo kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII sanaganize za mmene waukulu ndi osiyanasiyana kuchuluka kwa mphira. Only pamene mamembala a maulendowa French kukaona nkhalango zotentha za America South, kachiwiri anabweretsa kwa Europe, ife tcheru kwa iye. Ngakhale chidwi lalikulu pamene French wasayansi S. Condamine, kulankhula pa Msonkhano wa Paris Academy of Sciences, anasonyeza zitsanzo za mankhwala, anasonyeza njira ofunsira zotheka ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi izo.

lonse ntchito mphira chibadwidwe Europe ndinayamba kuzungulira 1770, pamene chowonjezera watsopano waoneka m'masukulu - gummilastik, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kufufuta mizere pensulo.

Kenako anayamba kufufuza mphamvu kwa madera mwina ntchito ya mphira. Ndi nthawi ya braces Kutulukira ndi ulusi mphira. A zatsopano Scottish Charles Macintosh anaganiza kuti adzamvetsere wosanjikiza zonyalazo mphira pakati pa zigawo ziwiri za nsalu, motero yodalirika nsalu madzi. Nkhanizi anali wopenga kutchuka zobvala ilo dzina la zatsopano lapansi. Iwo ankatchedwa Macs.

Kutha kwa makampani mphira

zoyesayesa koyamba kusintha yopanga nsapato madzi analephera. Galoshes, ngakhale akhala yapamwamba kwambiri kwa nthawi yochepa, koma yothandiza si osiyana. Mu ozizira, mwina osokoneza, koma kutentha pafupifupi anasungunuka anapereka kuchokera chinthu chosangalatsa fungo.

Amatukutuku changu sizinakhalitse. Mu umodzi wa zaka anthu a m'madera ambiri a ku Ulaya otentha kwambiri m'chilimwe. Mchikakamizo cha mankhwala kutentha makampani mphira inasanduka misa woopsa-kununkhiza. Onse mabizinezi a ntchito imeneyi ndiye zinatha.

Kutsegula Charles Goodyear

Ndipo palibe imodzi Angamvetse zambiri za galoshes ndi Macs, ngati si chifukwa cha khama la American Charles Goodyear. Iye zoyenera kupeza njira yolenga zinthu zabwino mphira kwa zaka zambiri.

Goodyear anakhala ambiri kuyesera, kuphatikiza mphira ndi pafupifupi aliyense. Iye anawonjezera kuti izo ndi mchere ndi tsabola, ndi mchenga, ndipo ngakhale msuzi. Ndatha ndalama ndi mphamvu zonse, anayambitsa kale ataya chiyembekezo. Koma khama ake korona bwino panobe. Kuonjezera pawiri sulfure, izo zimapezeka kuti mphamvu ndi elasticity, ndi bwino matenthedwe bata.

Motero, iye amatha kusintha mphira. Katundu ndi Mapulogalamu kugwirizana latsopano anakhalanso chinthu kuphunzira asayansi ndi industrialists. Goodyear chifukwa chuma ife Tsopano itanani labala ndi ndondomeko imene iwo analandira - vulcanizing mphira.

The Boom mphira

Pambuyo kutsegula zokopa wa sayansi osangalala anagwa umafuna zambiri kugula setifiketi zakuthupi Kutulukira. Ntchito mphira kwa kupanga labala wakhala kwambiri. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, pafupifupi m'mayiko onse ayamba kuyang'ana njira ya kulima m'dera lawo la mitengo ya mphira. Mu nkhani imeneyi, zikundiyendera kwambiri Brazil, chifukwa ndi zimene boma anali mwini wake wa m'matangadza lalikulu la mitengo imeneyi. Boma Brazil ali kupanga kwambiri khama kukhala okhawo m'dera lino, ndi koletsedwa katundu wa mbewu ndi achinyamata mitengo zomera mphira. Mlandu umenewu kuphedwa ngakhale anayambitsa.

Koma England Vikgem ndi kazitape kumapeto, anakwanitsa kufika kwa mtsinje wa Amazon, kumene mobisa yotengedwa ndi kutumizidwa ku UK 70,000 mbewu mphira mtengo. Ndipo ngakhale obereketsa m'dera nthawi yomweyo anatembenukira m'dera la nyengo zosiyana kukula chomera otentha, chifukwa ntchito yawo patapita kanthawi anaonekera pa msika mtengo ndi angakwanitse mphira English.

Pakali pano, ntchito ya mphira zachilengedwe wakhala lonse kuti chiwerengero cha jombo wakhala kuposa 100 000. Ndi unayambitsidwa ulimi wa nambala yaikulu zatsopano: malamba conveyor ndi kutchinjiriza, "chingamu" pakuti zovala, nsapato za jombo, balloons ana ndi zina zotero. . Koma ntchito yaikulu ya mphira zachilengedwe wakhala kugwirizana ndi makampani magalimoto pamene woyamba galimoto-anatulukira, kenako matayala.

Ntchito labala ndi mphira mu dziko lathu linali kwa nthawi yaitali zochokera kupangidwa zipangizo yachilendo yaiwisi. Only pamene iwo anamupeza dandelions ku Kazakhstan, mizu ya amene ali labala, mankhwala mphira woyamba kuchokera ku zoweta. Koma iyo inali nthawi yambiri kwambiri ndondomeko, monga mphira kusankha mizu dandelion zimatenga nthawi yaitali kwambiri chifukwa ndende zake otsika (16-28%).

Kukonzekera mphira kupanga

zachilengedwe masoka mphira si kukumana zofuna mkulu wa anthu katundu wopangidwa kuchokera nkhaniyi. Tsopano pamlingo wokulirapo ndi kupanga labala kupanga.

Sv Lebedev mu 1910, kwa nthawi yoyamba analandira mphira kupanga. The mfundo yopanga butadiene anali allocated kwa Mowa. Kenako, mwa kuchita polymerization anachita ntchito zachitsulo ndi sodium chinapezeka butadiene mphira kupanga.

Industrial kupanga ya mphira kupanga

Mu 1925, sv Lebedev ndinayamba ntchito kupeza njira mafakitale kaphatikizidwe mphira. izo bwinobwino kuthetsedwa mu zaka ziwiri. Laboratory njira zingapo kilo mphira anali apanga. Iwo Lebedev anayamba kuphunzira katundu wa mphira, ndi osauka maphikidwe wachotsa zofunika katundu.

Ndipo zaka zotsatira ntchito mphira anali cholinga chachikulu cha S. V. Lebedeva. Iyo inali njira wake mbewu oyamba padziko lonse lapansi imene imatulutsa nkhaniyi chinapezeka mwa mtanda loyamba la nkhaniyi pa sikelo mafakitale.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1932 mpaka mu 1990, boma la Soviet Union wakhala mtsogoleri mwa mawu a ulimi mu makampani. Ntchito ya mphira kupanga zotheka kukuza osiyanasiyana mankhwala luso labala, makamaka: mankhwala opangidwa ndi mphira zofewa, zidendene nsapato, machubu zosiyanasiyana ndi hoses, mankhwala ena omatira ndi zomatira, penti ndi zina lalabala ofotokoza.

Kupanga mphira: katundu ndi Mapulogalamu

Tsopano osiyanasiyana mphira kupanga kuchuluka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi pakati XX atumwi. zosiyanasiyanazo izo zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri mankhwala zikuchokera ndi ogula katundu. Gulu la mphira kupanga zochokera kusiyana kwa monomers kuti ntchito yokonza ake. Choncho, pali isoprene, butadiene, chloroprene ndi mitundu ina. Malinga ndi gulu lina, rubbers anawagawa mitundu malingana magulu khalidwe la maatomu omwe ali m'gulu zikuchokera awo. Mwachitsanzo, kudziwika mitundu ya polysulfide, rubbers silikoni ndi zina zotero. D.

Njira yaikulu yopangira mphira kupanga - ndi polymerization wa dienes ndi alkenes. The monomers ambiri Pankhaniyi angatchedwe butadiene, isoprene, ethylene, acrylonitrile ndi ena.

Mitundu ina ya polysulfide, polyurethane mphira opangidwa mu condensation anachita.

Rubbers cholinga ambiri ndi wapadera

Malinga ndi minda ntchito rubbers akhoza kugawidwa mu zipangizo ambiri ndi wapadera cholinga. Oyimira a gulu loyamba ndi osakaniza katundu amene amapanga zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito iwo kwa kupanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana, katundu zotanuka Kudzachitika kutentha wamba. Koma ntchito mwapadera cholinga kupanga labala imapulumutsa katundu ndi umphawi wadzaoneni, mwachitsanzo, mchikakamizo cha chisanu ndi moto, ozoni ndi mpweya, ndi zina zotero D..

Isoprene mphira: ntchito

Pa zikuchokera mphira isoprene ndi ofanana kwambiri zachilengedwe. Choncho, mndandanda wa katundu wa zinthu zimenezi kwakukulukulu mwamalunji.

kuipa zake zikuphatikiza kukana osauka kutentha, ozoni ndi dzuwa. Low cohesive mphamvu ya mphira m'Malemba - ndi mbali zimene zimapangitsa zochepa wotchuka isoprene mphira. ntchito n'zovuta chifukwa kuchuluka stickiness, kusowa chimango ndi nthenda yotaya. Koma mankhwala monolithic kuti sitingafunikire kutero ambiri m'madera a pawiri, ndi isoprene rubbers ntchito kwambiri.

yamawangamawanga mphira

Ntchito mphira mankhwala likugwiritsidwanso. The mankhwala ambiri pa makampani zachipatala, chifukwa cha ntchito ya mphira - gulu-chithandizo. Ndi chisakanizo cha jombo ndi zinthu mankhwala ofanana. Ubwino yamawangamawanga amenewa:

• yaitali kuteteza tackiness;
• ngakhale ndi mankhwala ambiri;
• harmlessness;
• kuwachepetsera ntchito.

The ndondomeko kupanga tichipeza Kutha 1 gawo mphira m'madera 12 a mafuta. Ndipo anaitana mu njira zigawo zina: turpentine (kumawonjezera stickiness), lanolin (zoletsa kuyanika), nthaka okusayidi (imafoola kuyabwa), mankhwala (zotsatira achire Adalenganso).

Amadzala zopangidwa mphira

Ndithudi n'kofunika nkhani mphira angatchedwe anthu limba amadzala. Ntchito mphira kupanga zawo zimakhalanso posachedwapa ndipo chinali chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano mu chitukuko cha mankhwala.

amadzala Tracheal ndi zipangizo za poliaktilatov, polysiloxanes, polyamides. Amapanga mtima ndi ziwalo anapangidwa ndi polyurethane ndi polioksilanov. Polyethylene ndi polypropylene ndi chuma yopangira ziwalo analili kum'mero, ndi polyvinyl mankhwala enaake ndi aakulu chigawo chimodzi cha m'mimba mbali zina za dongosolo m'mimba. Ziwiya yokumba magazi a polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene ndi polypropylene. Kupeza anthu olumala, mafupa ndi mafupa atsopano kuthandiza polyacrylates, polyamides, polyurethanes.

Ntchito mphira mankhwala mafakitale

Mtengo wa mphira chuma cha dziko ndi zoopsa. Komabe, ntchito mphira chibadwidwe mawonekedwe ake kopambana - m'chipani. Ndi ambiri amangoti ntchito monga jombo ndi. Zamgululi zopangidwa nkhaniyi zimapezeka pa moyo iliyonse. Izi kutchinjiriza waya, ndi kupanga nsapato ndi zovala, ndi matayala galimoto, ndi zina.

Makampani nsapato ntchito, monga ulamuliro, izi mitundu ya mphira: porous (yekha), zikopa ngati (mmunsi mwa nsapato), chilungamo (zidendene).

Ntchito mphira zachilengedwe ndi analogues ake kupanga si mwangozi kukhala ubiquitous. Iwo ali ndi udindo zofunika kwambiri anthu, wokhala m'modzi zipangizo wosinthasintha kwabasi.