Bioethics - Mfundo ndi iyi ... phunziro la bioethics. Bioethics ku Russia

Lililonse dera la ntchito katswiri wa munthu zimagwirizana ndi mtundu uliwonse wa timatsatira pantchito. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo onse ndi zina wonena za.

Ethics - mwambo kuti amaona bwino za khalidwe la munthu. phunziro ake familiarizes ife ndi kuchuluka kwa malamulo ndiponso ubale pakati pa anthu. Mitundu yonse ya timatsatira pantchito ndi malamulo. Iwo tiganizire ndondomeko, ndi zitsanzo za lamulo mkati anthu. Maziko anayamba zolinga abwino. mtundu wina wa mwambo uwu udzafika kuti gawo zachipatala.

chikhalidwe zachipatala

Chiphunzitso chimenechi kutiuza kuti khalidwe amakhalidwe abwino, zimene ziyenera kukhala munthu amene manja ndi moyo wa odwala. Pakali pano, malamulo zonse zoyambirira za chilango ali m'chikalata chotchedwa "The Code wa Ethics ya dokotala Russian." Iwo anavomerezedwa mu 1994. Traditional chikhalidwe zachipatala chikuyembekezeka kuthetsa makhalidwe munthu ndi ubale wa dokotala ndiponso oleza mtima.

bioethics

MOYO SULI chilili. Pa gawo lino la chitukuko cha anthu kunali kofunika chilengedwe cha mawonekedwe ena a chikhalidwe dokotala. Ntchitoyi lakonzedwa delineate masamba, amene analola mpheto za moyo ndi imfa. zimenezi onse ayenera kusunga makhalidwe ndi thanzi la wodwalayo. Ndipo apa pakubwera kuteteza moyo wa munthu Bioethics.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

Bioethics - chodabwitsa zovuta kuti kwachitika chikhalidwe ano. Iwo anatuluka mu US mu 60s-70s Mu zaka zapitazo. Mawu akuti "bioethics" anali bungwe la ku America oncologist Muumbi mu 1970. Ndipo Iye anaitana madokotala ndi akatswiri adzaphatikiza khama lawo kuonetsetsa zinthu yabwino ya moyo. Malinga Muumbi, bioethics - si sayansi ya kupulumuka. Iyi ndi nzeru zatsopano, zomwe yophatikiza chidziwitso cha makampani kwachilengedwenso alipo makhalidwe a anthu.

Koma mawu akuti "bioethics", mfundo, kapena m'malo ake okhutira, patapita nthawi zina zasintha kwambiri. Malo oyamba anapita kuphunzira interdisciplinary za makhalidwe abwino, anthropological, malamulo ndi zina, pakutchulidwa amene anathandiza kuti umisiri atsopano majini ndi ubereki transplantologicheskie Biomedical.

Mu makumi asanu ndi awiri a atumwi wotsiriza mu America ndi maphunziro ndi kafukufuku malo oyamba, amene anaphunzira bioethics zinalengedwa. Iwo anafotokoza chilango anaphunzira mavuto atsogoleri achipembedzo, atolankhani, ndi andale. Zina mwa nkhani ndi kugulu.

Development wa bioethics khumi yotsatira zinathandiza kuti apeze kuzindikira kuti ku Ulaya. Mu nineties ndi kuphunzira za chilango chimene walandira zinthu zimenezi ku Eastern Europe (kuphatikizapo Russia), komanso mu Asia (makamaka China ndi Japan).

ntchito yaikulu

Bioethics - chiphunzitso cholinga kuti azindikire kusiyana kwa maudindo pa nkhani zovuta makhalidwe akuwuka mogwirizana ndi patsogolo chitukuko cha Biomedical sayansi ndi mchitidwe. chilangochi Cholinga kuyankha mafunso otsatirawa:

- Kodi n'zotheka kuchita cloning anthu?
- Kodi chovomerezeka kwa chilengedwe cha wapadera majini njira "mtundu" munthu ndi makhalidwe aluntha ndi thupi?
- Kodi ndili ndi chilolezo cha achibale a munthu wakufayo ngati mpanda zakonzedwa kubala ziwalo kwa kumuika anthu akudwala kwambiri?
- Kodi Ndikufuna kuuza wodwala amene ali kudwala? Etc.

Cholinga cha bioethics ndi kupeza chikhalidwe chovomerezeka ndi makhalidwe zochita mwanzeru pankhani zimenezi. Kumene, pali yovomerezeka chikaiko ngati bioethics zachipatala ndikuchifuna? Ndipotu, pali Hippocratic lumbiro. Iwo ali zaka zambiri umaphunzitsa ya makhalidwe abwino madokotala. Kuteteza moyo padziko lathuli yogwira ntchito yomwe sayansi ambiri akutsogolera. Amatsegula gululi, akuitana kuti aletse chiyesedwe cha zida za nyukiliya. phunziro makhalidwe limaphunzitsa anthu ndi akatswiri, kumenyera kuteteza chilengedwe chathu.
chikhalidwe Komabe Hippocratic ndi bioethics asemphana ena. Woyamba mwa ziphunzitso ziwiri ndi mwangwiro makampani chikhalidwe. Kwa zaka zambiri, timagwiritsa ntchito ya dokotala mu nkhani ya makhalidwe, cholinga kukwaniritsa ntchito yake kuti wodwalayo. Wodwala imatengedwa kuti akuvutika ndi munthu. Iye ali chabe ndipo alibe nawo nkhani zofunika pa moyo wake. Mutu Bioethics - wodwala ngati yogwira nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo amatha kuchita kukambirana kapena ngakhale ubale mpikisano ndi asayansi ndi madokotala.

Features

A mwambo latsopano si adzagonjetsa kutsatira chikhalidwe, monga chifundo ndi chikondi, udindo wa madokotala ndi mfundo nenaneseneniya kuvulaza mtima. Only mu zinthu masiku ano chikhalidwe chawo ndi chikhalidwe, mphindi zonsezi latsopano phokoso ndi tanthauzo.

Mutu Bioethics - ndi wapadera ndi wapadera umunthu uliwonse. chilangochi amazindikira lamanja la munthu aliyense padziko zoti zosankha zofunika kwambiri zimene zimakhudza moyo wake.

Dziwani kuti akatswiri kapena madokotala ngati akatswiri ndi chidziwitso za njira cloning anthu. Komabe, kupewa zimenezi, iwo sangathe. Ndi kwina kwa awo yamtunduwu akatswiri. N'chifukwa chake imodzi mwa mbali ya bioethics ndi chitukuko ndi nawo akatswiri ochokera amalanga osiyana. Mu mndandanda pali akatswiri ndi akatswiri a maganizo, madokotala, nzeru ena andale ndi achilamulo, etc. N'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa mavuto amene okhudza chitukuko cha mankhwala ndi zamoyo, kotero osiyanasiyana ndi zovuta kuti njira zawo zimatheka ndi khama yatsopano anthu amene ena akudziwa.

Bioethics ndi mbali ina yofunika: nkhaniyo akhala zatsimikiziridwa kuti imposition a dongosolo anthu a mitundu, maganizo ndi ena zamtengo - n'zoopsa kwambiri. N'chifukwa chake bioethics Osangopereka kuphunzira za makhalidwe abwino akuwuka kwa chitukuko cha dziko. Ndi kutenga mbali yake analenga mabungwe osiyana khalidwe la mabungwe chimaphunzitsa n'zofunika kwambiri. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi makomiti koyenela, ntchito mu zipatala ndi malo kafukufuku.

Kodi tikunena bioethics?

Makhalidwe ndi thanzi - ndiwo maziko amene akutumikira kuti malangizo oyenerera ndi sayansi yamakono ubale abwino. Amaona zotsatirazi mavuto chachikulu:

- kumaliza;
- kudzipha;
- kupatsidwa zina;
- motsimikiza mfundo za imfa;
- zatsopano pa anthu ndi nyama;
- ubale pakati dokotala ndi wodwalayo;
- Bungwe la anthu odwala matenda osachiritsika;
- khalidwe lokonda anthu ndi maganizo olumala;
- kubereka ana (surrogacy, kukonza majini, etc.).

nkhani bioethical ikukhudzana kwa koyenela mbali kuchita zimenezi ngati njira yolera yotseketsa ndi kulera, ndi kuchotsa mimba. Iwo mitundu yonse ya makono ya kulowelera mu mankhwala ubereki.

Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa mimba. ngati akuphwanya mfundo za lumbira Hippocratic, lomwe limati: "Kodi sizingawononge"? Kaya akhoza kuchitika kwa mfundo zimene zikuyenela bwanji? Ngati ndi choncho, nthawi zonse kapena yekha ndi anthu ena? Mayankho a mafunso amenewa zimadalira mfundo ndi maphunziro dokotala.

bioethical mavuto nkhawa ndi ubwamuna m'thupi mwake. Pa dzanja limodzi, umisiri watsopano ubereki bwanji chikhalidwe cha m'banja, lomwe ndi phindu zofunika kwambiri anthu. Pa ena - zina za akazi ndi njira yokha ndi mwana. Bioethics mu nkhani iyi, adzaitana pa nsonga ya ndodo imene mu m'galasi umuna umathandiza akazi wosimidwa, osati kutembenukira mpheto izi mu mawonekedwe a kuyesera yeniyeni.

Maganizo nkhani anachitira ndi bioethics, ndi surrogacy. Mu njira imeneyi, dzira kuchokera makolo kwachilengedwenso amathandiza kuti chiberekero cha mkazi wina kwathunthu. Izi surrogate zingamuthandize adanyamula mwana. Atabadwa, mwana iye amapereka makolo kubadwa. Pa dzanja limodzi, ndi mpheto anachita chikhalidwe thupi la mwanayo, pa zina - mwayi okha mabanja ena kulenga banja wathunthu.

mtsutso aukali akadali zokhudza nkhani monga cloning anthu n'zotheka ndi zochitika atsopano a kukonza majini. Mu zokambirana za mbali ya makhalidwe ya nkhani anapezeka ndi akatswiri ndi madokotala, andale ndi nzeru ena. Musati kuzilambalala ili mbali vuto ndi atsogoleri. Panopa, pali awiri zosiyana kwathunthu amazionera. Mmodzi wa iwo amachokera chakuti cloning ndi kuba ndithu ndipo ndi bwino kuti mwamuna ndi anthu. Gululi view ichi amakhulupirira kuti cloning ndi njira kuthetsa matenda ndi chisavundi. Koma pali maganizo zosiyana. anthu ake amakhulupirira kuti mpheto ngati Adama. Komanso, zingawononge angathe, chifukwa sayansi sangathe koma kuneneratu zotheka zotsatira zonse za kuyesera.

zovuta kwambiri nkhani malamulo zimene zikuyenela kwaiye transplantology. Pakali pano, kuziika mtima, chiwindi, m'mapapo ndi mafupa, etc. Mavuto pa nkhani imeneyi ikukhudza ntchito ndi ufulu wa mwiniwake, komanso abale ake, ogwira ntchito zachipatala, kukhazikitsa mfundo za imfa sizingasinthe.

Chimodzi mwa akusiyana maganizo kwambiri pankhani nkhani koyenela lero nkhawa kumaliza. Izi mathamangitsidwe dala imfa wodwalayo, zimene ankaona osachiritsika. Kumaliza cholinga kuletsa kuvutika kwa mtima. Zimenezi ndi zosiyana ndi malingaliro a zipembedzo zonse, komanso Hippocratic lumbira. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, potsiriza anatsimikiza nkhani si.

Zoyamba za chilango

Mu bioethics pali mfundo zofunika. Science amadalira iwo kuthetsa mavuto mwamsanga nthawi yathu. Zoyamba za bioethics:

- kulemekeza ulemu wa munthu;
- kuchita choipa, ndi chilengedwe cha zabwino;
- kudziyimira pawokha wa munthu;
- mwambo wa chilungamo.

Science kutsatira malamulo anayi. chinsinsi ichi ndi zoona, kuuzidwa chilolezo ndi inviolability mu kulemekeza moyo payekha. bioethics mfundo pamodzi ndi malamulo koyenela kupanga ndondomeko choyambirira zomwe ubale kwa mtima monga payekha.

Development wa bioethics ku Russia

Prerequisites a mwambo ankaona akuwonetseredwa mu dziko lathu mu nineties oyambirira. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti bioethics mu Russia anatuluka okha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma lomaliza. M'malo mwake, ambiri umisiri Biomedical anali atalenga dziko lathu. Chitsanzo pogwiritsa angathe kutumikira kulola kuti aziyenda extracorporeal. Izo analengedwa ndi SS Bryukhonenko kumbuyo m'chaka cha 1926. M'chaka chomwecho anatsegula woyamba Institute dziko la magazi. Komanso, JJ 1931 Khwangwala mu kolowera matenda a impso allotransplantation chitachitidwa. Lodziwika anali 1937 kenako unachitikira ntchito yoyamba ya anapatsa minofu yokumba mtima. Kuyang'anira izi kuyesera VP Demihov, ndipo iye anali pa kuyesedwa Mkhristu Bernard.

Ndi mu Russia kwa nthawi yoyamba mu dziko mu 1920, malamulo onse a malamulo okhudza mimba zinachotsedwa. Mu makumi a atumwi wotsiriza, Russian asayansi Alexander School Serebrovskii angapo kafukufuku lofunika chifukwa cha zomwe zinali zotheka kuti atsimikizire kapangidwe zovuta la jini lapansi.

A osiyanasiyana ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana achipatala mu USSR kunachitidwa zonse ndi bwino kwambiri. Komabe, maganizo a kafukufuku wa sayansi ku Russia mu ulamuliro wa boma la Soviet anapanga sitingakhale kukhala. Chifukwa chimodzi ndi mfundo ya boma. Science mu USSR ankaona osati wopindulitsa mphamvu ya anthu, komanso apamwamba chelovekoobrazuyuschey kufunika chikhalidwe.

Komabe, ngakhale, Bioethics mu Russia pang'onopang'ono anayamba apeze malo ake. Choncho, Soviet nzeru zapamwamba Frolov kunayambitsa funso kufunika kwa sayansi ndi phindu la mfundo anthu a view. Mu 1995, woyamba lofalitsidwa pamanja M.K.Perova. Izi njira Russian kumbuyo mu 60s wa wasankha kuganiza kuti sayansi ndi akhungu kwa zonse anthu.

A siteji latsopano mu chitukuko cha bioethics

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza, Russia watenga njira ya democratization. Ichi chinali chiyembekezo zikuluzikulu zomwe intensively anayamba Bioethics. Lingaliro la chilango chimene nthawi zonse anali atathana osati pa kafukufuku, komanso kufalitsa amaudindo ongolankhula ndi maphunziro ndi maphunziro.

Dongosolo gulu la mabungwe Russian kafukufuku tsopano ndi wapadera mayunitsi structural. Zikuphatikizapo bioethics gawo, yomwe ukugwira ntchito mwa anthu Ras mabungwe, Laboratories Institute of Philosophy "Axiology ya chidziwitso ndi maganizo a sayansi" ndi ena ambiri.

Mu 2000, boma maphunziro muyezo anavomerezedwa mu Russia. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi, malangizo a "Bioethics" udakhala kuvomerezedwa mu yokonza akatswiri mu masukulu mankhwala a dziko. Chotero njira ndi anatengera msonkhano maphunziro mu 1995, zomwe analankhula nkhani ya maphunziro luso mu apamwamba mankhwala ndi mankhwala sukulu ya la Russia. Mau oyamba Bioethics anali tikulimbikitsidwa monga kosi osiyana mu yokonza ophunzira zaka mkulu.

Mu 1995 adaona kuwala kwa pulogalamu yapadera. Izo analengedwa pa Institute of retraining ndi kukapitiriza maphunziro a aphunzitsi a sayansi chikhalidwe ndi zaumunthu pa MSU. Lomonosov. pulogalamuyi cholinga aphunzitsi pophunzitsa ophunzira pa zapaderazi "Biomedical Ethics".

Panopa, kuti ayanjane ndi mavuto mankhwala amakono kungakhale nkhani koyenela mu mabuku. wotchuka kwambiri m'dera limeneli ndi magazini "Munthu" (mkonzi - BG Yudin) ndi "Medical Chilamulo ndi Ethics" (mkonzi - Myl'nikov NDI). Pakuti ophunzira aku chipatala ndipo anafalitsa mabuku amene amachita ndi bioethics. Yudin ndi Tishchenko, Ignatiev, Ivanyushkin, Siluyanova, chidule Olemba mapepala angapo pa nkhani imeneyi.

mbali nthanthi

Panopa mwambo amaphunzira mbali khalidwe la ubwenzi wa mankhwala amakono ndi munthu, yokutidwa magazini osiyanasiyana. Ndiyamika bioethics ndipo amawathandiza kwambiri zambiri luntha la munthu m'njira zake zabwino ndiponso zachilengedwe ndi kwachilengedwenso. mafunso amene tikambirane ndi chiphunzitso, ali pafupi sayansi awiri. Izi Anthropology ndi zamoyo. Monga mfundo yaikulu ya sayansi ndi mphindi za kusaka kwa akamanena sizoona kwa munthu.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa makamaka pali ndondomeko ya mapangidwe bioethical anthu dziko. Izi ntchito mwa zifukwa ziwiri - padziko lonse ndipo m'deralo. Loyamba zokhudzana Mwina za zotsatira zowawa patsogolo sayansi ndi luso mankhwala ndi zamoyo, amene anatsagana ndi zikamera zonse amakumana ndi mavuto atsopano a makhalidwe abwino ndi za chikumbumtima. Zimenezi kumlingo bwanji zofuna za anthu onse padziko lapansi. zonse kuwonjezeka see la ndondomeko anati. Izi ndi chifukwa democratization kuwonjezeka ubale chikhalidwe. Pamene izi imodzi ya ufulu wachibadwidwe moyo, thanzi, imfa ndi kulandira mauthenga.

Chifukwa chachiwiri cha chitukuko cha bioethics, m'dera, anatsimikiza mtima chikhalidwe yeniyeni ya sayansi imeneyi. Apa kukopa kwake humanization wa anthu onse ndi munthu, ndondomeko zimene zimachititsa kusintha kwa maganizo miyambo ndi mankhwala, mankhwala, etc. technologization Mfundo zonsezi bwanji chitukuko cha bioethics mawu zabwino ndi zoipa.

Lero dziko lathu palibe ubale mosapita m'mbali kuti actualization chilango ichi. Komabe, ngakhale amene akudziwa kufunika a anthu nkhani bioethical, limavomereza kuti sikumatha cha mapangidwe maganizo ziwalo. Nthawi zina otere amaona kuti moyo oletsa ife West. Amaganiza kuti ndondomeko imeneyi kuthetsa miyambo ndi zikhalidwe za anthu athu.

Pali palimodzi zosiyana maganizo. Ena amakhulupirira kuti bioethics mu Russia si mizu ndi logwirizana ndi nzeru chiphunzitso sangathe kupangidwa. Iwo anafotokoza zonse mu dziko lathu, ena miyambo, chipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe mwambo, mtima komanso sayansi.

Komabe, njira ya mapangidwe kaonedwe bioethical ndi. Pamafunika kuzindikira nthanthi ya mavuto ena miyambo. Mwa iwo, kutanthauzira akamanena za munthu, moyo ndi imfa yake, mankhwala ndi kuchira, matenda ndi thanzi, etc.

Biomedicine panopa akutukuka mofulumira kwambiri. Ake zotsutsana zinthu zambiri bwino chifukwa ena anthu kufuna mwanjira streamline zomwe cha mankhwala ndi zamoyo, kufalitsa malinga ndi chiopsezo. Izi adzalola ammudzi kukhala okonzekera zotsatira zonse zitheka kwa iye.