Zinyamazi kufa? Pamene zinyamazi anakhala zinatha?

Zinyamazi - zolengedwa wakale amene anaonekera pa dziko pafupifupi mamiliyoni 225 zaka zapitazo. Kwa zaka 160 miliyoni, nyama chogwidwa dziko. ikutha nthawi anatenga pafupifupi mamiliyoni 5 zaka, ndipo tsopano miliyoni zaka 65 ku dziko sali nyama. Pali malingaliro ambiri chifukwa zinyamazi mbisoweka. Kufa ndi unatha, nyama zimenezi m'nkhani yathu.

Maonekedwe a zinyamazi ndi

Dziko lokhalamo anthu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi zomera zaka 3 biliyoni zapitazo. Mu zamoyo wa nyama ndi zomera apite, ndipo aliyense ndondomeko ndi nthawi yake chimango ndi nthawi. Zinyamazi anakhala pa dziko m'nyengo Mesozoic - ndi Triassic, Jurassic ndipo Cretaceous nthawi.

Woyamba zomera achidule algae, ndi nyama choyamba - ngale yaing'ono. Maonekedwe a nsomba zinachitika pa 500 miliyoni zapitazo. Pafupifupi miliyoni 370 zaka zapitazo anadza nyama woyamba dziko - achule. Zokwawa - gulu latsopano la nyama, amene anaonekera pafupifupi 300 miliyoni zapitazo. nyama wazikang'a khungu, iwo akhoza kuika mazira ndi kukakhala pamtunda. Wotsatira mu unyolo wa kusanduka akhala zinyamazi. nyama zinatha linapereka kuti chitukuko cha sayansi monga paleontology.

Kufotokozera za zinyamazi

Imodzi mwa nyama zodabwitsa anakhala pa dziko, ndi zinyamazi. Kodi zikutha ndi momwe iwo ankakhalira, nyama zikuluzikulu akhoza adzaweruzidwa kokha mwa zinthu zakale. Malinga ndi nkhani pansi, tinganene kuti iwo anali zokwawa, monga ng'ona, abuluzi, akamba ndi njoka. Kukula zinyamazi zimasiyanasiyana pa osiyanasiyana - kuchokera yaing'ono zimphona. Iwo anali miyendo inayi ndi mchira. Atayima zokwawa zinyamazi pa miyendo molunjika, wina - pa miyendo yake yakumbuyo, winayo - miyendo inayi, ena akhoza kusuntha onse awiri ndi miyendo inayi. zinyamazi ambiri anali makosi yaitali ndi mano. malo awo wakhala kwambiri, koma zaka 65,000 zapitazo, mwadzidzidzi anayamba zinatha.

Zinyamazi anawagawa m'magulu awiri: Saurischia ndi Ornithischia. gulu kusiyana ndi mu dongosolo la mafupa m'chiuno. Mu Saurischia dinosaur mafupa a chiuno dongosolo chetyrohluchevoe, pamene ornithischian - trohluchevoe. Mu mitundu ina ornithischian nyanga, spikes, zida.

Zikamera chidwi zinyamazi

30, ntchentche za m'ma XIX, icho poyamba anapeza zinthu zakale wa zinyamazi. Ndiye ofukula sanali ngofunika kwambiri kwa iwo, ndipo patapita kanthawi zinaonekeratu kuti mafupawa awa a nyama wakale. Mfundo kwambiri za "dinosaur" anadziwana ndi katswiri British Richard Owen mu zaka za m'ma XIX. Ku Latin "dinosaur" amatanthauza "zoopsa", "loopsya", "zoopsa", koma ndi Chigiriki - "Raptor", "buluzi". Kuyambira pamenepo, chidwi nyama ikukula mosalekeza. Ndi angati zaka zapitazo zinyamazi anakhala zinatha? Yankho la funso limeneli amaperekedwa ndi a sayansi ya paleontology. Ancient kuphunzira nyama ofufuza nyenyezi mu filimu, iwo kukhala ngwazi za mabuku. Ndipo ngakhale chidwi kwambiri kuti n'chifukwa chiyani zinyamazi anakhala zinatha, yankho lenileni ayi.

Nthawi ya zinyamazi ndi

Pa mapeto a nthawi Permian anali mapangidwe Africa limodzi - Pangea. Mbali khalidwe la nthawi ino ali padziko lonse chiphala ntchito ndipo mofulumira pafupifupi 90% ya nyama. Best ndinazolowera zikhalidwe latsopano zokwawa. Pa chiyambi cha Triassic zokwawa anaonekera gulu lotchedwa "pelycosaur". Pofika m'ma Triassic nthawi anasintha gulu zapoizoni amatchedwa "therapsids". Limodzi ndi therapsid anayamba gulu latsopano zapoizoni - archosaurs. Gulu la zokwawa za kholo la onse zinyamazi, pliosaurs, crocodylomorpha, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs ndi placodont. Mitundu zotsatirazi zapoizoni ankatchedwa thecodonts ndipo wakhala ndinazolowera moyo pa dziko. Ndipo kwa iwo anali zinyamazi awo chitukuko. nyama zinatha kuti kusinthidwa bwino ndi wotanganidwa malo lalikulu mu dziko, mu madzi ndi mu mlengalenga.

Pa Triassic, panali zotsatirazi mitundu ya zinyamazi: tselofizis, mussaurus ndi procompsognathus. Tikhale ndi kusintha zinyamazi masamba.

Nyama yaikulu anakhalako m'nyengo Jurassic. Mu malemu nyengo Jurassic, anayamba kuoneka zinyama lapadziko - Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus, ndi ena.

Mu Cretaceous m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja zofala nyama zokwawa. Pali mitundu yatsopano ya zinyamazi.

Mapeto a

Cretaceous nyengo - nyengo ya chitukuko chimphona abuluzi, mpweya pterodakteley ndi zokwawa m'madzi. Pa mapeto a nthawi Cretaceous, pali kugawanika mu Africa wa Pangea Gondwana ndi Laurasia. nyengo Earth anakhala yozizira kwambiri mizati anapanga zisoti ayezi. Pali maluwa zomera, ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha tizilombo.

Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti kutha kwa zomera ndi nyama mitundu yambiri kuphatikizapo zinyamazi lapansi. Iwo zisathe usiku, koma Mukaganizira kuti ulamuliro wawo kwa zaka 160 miliyoni, mofulumira awo kwachitika m'malo mofulumira. Zimayambitsa mavuto amene anachitika nthawi Cretaceous, komabe si bwino.

Koma ngati zinyamazi onse anakhala zinatha? Ana a zokwawa akale tsopano alipo ng'ona, abuluzi ndi mbalame. The mbalame poyamba anaonekera mu nyengo Cretaceous, ndi mapeto a nyengo ya kale anayamba zikuuluka. Pamene zinyamazi, mbalame anatenga pa ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera kwa chirengedwe.

Astrophysical ikutha kungoganizira

Asteroid ndi limodzi mwa Mabaibulo ambiri. kugwa kwake nthawi chikugwirizana ndi mapangidwe Chigwa Chiksulub (Mexico, Yucatán). zinthu zimenezi zinachitika pafupifupi mamiliyoni 65 zapitazo, pa nthawi imene zinyamazi anakhala zinatha. Mwina asteroid anachititsa zochita zowononga kuti panali ikutha Unyinji wa zamoyo zonse.

The amanena za dontho angapo limanena kuti asteroid dontho zinachitika kangapo. Komanso pali Chigwa Chicxulub Chigwa Shiva mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pa nthawi yomweyo. kungoganizira Ichi n'chifukwa zikuchititsa kuti zinachitika pang'onopang'ono.

Koma pali buku la pa supernova kuphulika ndi kugunda kwa nyenyezi ndi Earth.

Geological ndi nyengo ikutha kungoganizira

Pa dziko panali kusintha kwakukulu mu nthawi imene zinyamazi anayamba kutha. Monga nyama zikutha kumapereka lingaliro chiphunzitso cha kusintha kutentha pachaka ndi nyengo. anthu Large tikusowa ofunda ndi equable nyengo. ntchito chiphala kungachititse kusintha zikuchokera m'mlengalenga ndi kuyambitsa zotsatira kutentha. Large chiphala phulusa zingakubweretsereni ndi chiphala yozizira, motero kusintha chiwalitsiro cha dziko lapansi. Chochititsa chidwi kutsitsa madzi a m'nyanja, yozizira nyanja, kusintha zikuchokera m'madziwo, dumphani ndi munda Dziko Lapansi maginito komanso zingathe kutha kwa dinosaur lapansi.

Chisinthiko-kwachilengedwenso kungoganizira ikutha

Mmodzi wa malingaliro gulu chimatsatira zinthu za zosayembekezereka ya misa mliri. N'zotheka kuti zinyamazi sanathe azolowere kusintha kwa zomera, kuchititsa poizoni. Mwayi chiwonongeko cha mazira ndi ana woyamba zimadya nyama. Koma pali lomwe pa Ice Age zinafa akazi. Asayansi akufuna lina za imfa ya zinyamazi - awonongedwa: mlengalenga wakhala kuchepa lakuthwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya.

N'chifukwa chiyani zinyamazi kutha?

N'chifukwa chiyani zinyamazi kutha? Monga awa zinatha nyama wakale? Mayankho a mafunso amenewa kupereka zosiyanasiyana mfundo ndi malingaliro, koma iwo sali kuyankha mafunso onse mokwanira. Amadziwika kuti kutha kwa mitundu inayamba kale tsoka, ndi kungoganizira zakuthambo mu nkhani iyi ndi zokaikitsa. Sitingawerenge ambiri popanda deta lenileni monga mu amanena za m'nyanja mgwirizano kapena kusintha m'munda maginito. Chosowa kukwaniritsa zakufa zakale zikusonyeza akhoza kupereka chithunzi molakwika.

Yonseyi malingaliro amapanga bwino chithunzi. Kungoganizira, complementing mzake, kupereka mayankho ku mafunso ambiri, ndi chithunzi cha nthawi zambiri legible ndi mwatsatanetsatane.

The ndondomeko ya kusanduka - kutha kwa maphunziro akale ndi atsopano - siriyo. Ndi ndondomeko ya zamoyo wa zinyamazi pamaso mapeto a nthawi Cretaceous zinachitika mwachibadwa. Koma pa zifukwa zina, pa mapeto a nthawi ya Cretaceous, mitundu wakale wa akufa, ndi latsopano sizinayambe, ndipo monga Motero, panali ikutha wathunthu wa mitundu.

Kwa paleontology

kwambiri ikutha Baibulo zachokera mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. Zikamera wa zomera maluwa.
2. kusintha kwa nyengo chifukwa kulowerera wa mayiko.

Malinga ndi dziko sayansi, chitsanzo zotsatirazi unkachitika. Pulogalamu mizu ya zomera maluwa ndi anatengera kwambiri ngati dothi msanga m'malo zina zomera. Iwo anayamba kuoneka tizilombo kudya maluwa zomera ndi tizilombo poyamba anaonekera anayamba kutha.

The mizu ya maluwa anayamba kukula ndi kulepheretsa ndondomeko ya kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Lapadziko idaleka kutchinga kuti tisaone, ndi nyanja munasiya zinthu zatu. Izi zapangitsa kuti zikutha m'mayiko algae nyanja ndi imfa imene, mudzachitira alimi a zotsalira zazomera m'nyanja. Mu madzi, panali kuphwanya topezeka, chimene chinachititsa kuti misa ikutha. Akukhulupirira kuti zokwawa zouluka yogwirizana ndi nyanja kutha kwa unyolo kufala kwa iwo. Pa dziko anayesa kuti azolowere misa wobiriwira. Anayamba kuoneka nyama zing'onozing'ono ndi ogwirira kukula ang'onoang'ono. Ndi kuukira dinosaur mbewu monga mazira ndi ana zinyamazi zinakhala chakudya cha zilombo zolusa anaonekera. Chifukwa cha zinthu zinalengedwa, zoipa kwa zikamera wa mtundu watsopano.

Pamene zinyamazi anakhala zinatha, nyengo Mesozoic chatha, ndi pa ndi yogwira tectonic, nyengo ndi zamoyo zinachita ntchito.

Ana ndi zinyamazi

Chidwi nyama wakale si akuluakulu komanso ana. Lero, ntchito "N'chifukwa zinyamazi anakhala zinatha?" Kodi m'gulu pulogalamu ya nazale ndi makalasi chachikulu. Wapadera ntchitoyi kuti mwana akufotokozera odzi- luso chidziwitso, kufunafuna mayankho a mafunso ndi kupeza zinthu zatsopano. N'chifukwa chiyani zinyamazi anakhala zinatha, ana komanso chidwi asayansi. Chidwi makamaka chifukwa chakuti nyama padziko lapansi lero palibe yankho lenileni la funso zimene zimachititsa mofulumira sizinathe mwalandiridwa.