Zosangalatsa za dongosolo la zowalitsa. Kuphunzira mapulaneti wa System Dzuwa

Mwina ife tonse tikudziwa kuti chidutswa cha chilengedwe, chobisa ife, wotchedwa dongosolo dzuwa. Hot nyenyezi, pamodzi ndi mapulaneti yowazungulira anayamba mapangidwe ake biliyoni 4.6 zaka zapitazo. Ndiye kunali kugwa yokoka ya mitambo maselo interstellar. kugwa kwa malo kumene ambiri a nkhani anasonkhanitsa, anadzakhala Dzuwa, ndipo wazunguliridwa ndi mtambo protoplanetary limene lachititsa zinthu zina zonse.

Information za dongosolo la zowalitsa cholinga lokha pa zimene ananena kumwamba usiku. Monga kusintha kwa telesikopu ndi zida zina, asayansi zambiri za malo ozungulira. Komabe, mfundo zosangalatsa kwambiri za dongosolo la zowalitsa angakhululukire pokhapokha chiyambi cha zaka danga - mu 60s Mu zaka zapitazo.

kapangidwe

The chinthu chachikulu cha chidutswa wathu wa chilengedwe chonse - ndi dzuwa. Mozungulira likukhalira mapulaneti eyiti: Mercury, Venus lapansi, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Posachedwapa linaikidwa otchedwa Trans-Neptunian zinthu, monga Pluto ndipo alibe mu 2006 ku udindo dziko. Iye ndi matupi ambiri lakumwamba zimachitika mapulaneti zazing'ono. Eyiti Sun lalikulu pambuyo zinthu anawagawa m'magulu awiri: mapulaneti lapadziko (Mercury, Venus lapansi, Mars) ndi dziko lalikulu la dongosolo dzuwa, ndi zosangalatsa za kuyambira ndi chakuti iwo zigwirizana pafupi kwathunthu mpweya. Zikuphatikizapo Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Pakati pa Mars ndi Jupiter lagona Asteroid zone, pamene pali mapulaneti ambiri ang'ono ndi asteroids mawonekedwe osasamba. Pakuti kanjira wa Neptune mwagona Kuiper m'Galimoto ndi kugwirizana anamwazikana chimbale. asteroid lamba makamaka limapangidwa zinthu wopangidwa a miyala ndi zitsulo, pamene Kuiper m'Galimoto wodzazidwa ayezi matupi chiyambi zosiyanasiyana. anamwazikana chimbale zinthu nawonso makamaka achisanu zikuchokera.

dzuwa

Zosangalatsa za dongosolo la zowalitsa ayenera kuyamba kulankhula kwa malo ake. Chimphona incandescent lonse ndi kutentha mkati owonjezera madigiri 15 miliyoni mu wambiri 99% mwa kulemera kwa dongosolo lonse. Sun amatanthauza m'badwo wachitatu wa nyenyezi, izo ili pafupifupi pakati pa mkombero moyo wake. ngale ake - malo mosalekeza nyukiliya zochita chifukwa mu haidrojeni mu helium. Izi ndondomeko kumabweretsa mapangidwe ndalama yaikulu mphamvu, kenako walowa kuphatikizapo Earth.

tsogolo

Pambuyo biliyoni 1.1 zaka Sun tikatha ambiri a mafuta a hydrogen, izo heats pamwamba ngati kuli kotheka. Panthawi imeneyi, makamaka ku dziko idzapita pafupifupi onse moyo. Zokwaniritsa adzalola kusunga zamoyo yekha mu nyanja kwambiri. Pamene zaka dzuwa adzakhala zaka mabiliyoni 12.2, isanduke chimphona wofiira. The zigawo lakunja la nyenyezi mu izi kufika Earth kanjira. lathuli pa nthawi iyi kapena lophimba kuti ndi mpita akutali, kapena limbikirani.

Mu sitepe yotsatira kwa dzuwa wotaya chipolopolo ake akunja, amene adzakhala mapulaneti Nebula woyera nyenyezi yaing'ono amapanga maziko a dzuwa - kukula kwa Dziko Lapansi - pakati.

Mercury

Pamene dzuwa kokhazikika, ndipo adzapitiriza kuphunzira dziko lapansili dzuŵa. Woyamba dziko thupi la kukula mokwanira lalikulu, amene angapezeke, ngati kutali nyenyezi athu kunja kwa mzinda wa dongosolo - ndi Mercury. The pafupi ndi Sun, pamene dziko laling'ono kufufuza zida "Woyendetsa Chombo 10", amene anatha Chithunzi pamwamba. Kuphunzira Mercury akulephera moyandikana ndi nyenyezi, kotero zaka, iye anakhala bwino bwino bwino. Pambuyo "Woyendetsa Chombo 10" anapezerapo mu 1973, Mercury wakhala "Mtumiki." The spacecraft anayamba ntchito yake mu 2003. Kangapo iye anawulukira kwa dzikoli, ndipo mu 2011 anakhala mnzake. Zikomo kuti mudziwe kufufuza za dongosolo la zowalitsa chikuwonjezeka kwambiri.

Lero tisadziwa, ngakhale Mercury ndi pafupi ndi Dzuwa, si dziko yotentha. Venus mu Pankhani imeneyi kwambiri patsogolo. Mercury alibe m'mlengalenga chenicheni izo n'kuliza kunja mphepo dzuwa. Kwa dziko lomwe ndi chipolopolo mpweya ndi kuthamanga otsika kwambiri. Tsiku Mercury ndi pafupifupi miyezi iwiri Earth, chaka kumatenga masiku 88 lathuli, ndiko kuti, masiku osachepera awiri Mercurian.

Venus

Chifukwa ndege "Woyendetsa Chombo-2" zosangalatsa za dongosolo dzuwa, pa dzanja limodzi, ofooka, ndi pa zina - zambiri. Akuyembekeza chiphaso cha zimenezi kwa spacecraft Venus ankaona mwini kuzizira, ndipo mwina nyanja, ankaona mosavuta kupeza moyo pa izo. "Woyendetsa Chombo-2" ali kumatha maloto awa. Studies pogwiritsa, komanso ena angapo zafotokozedwa m'malo yovuta chithunzi. Pansi wosanjikiza wa mlengalenga, makamaka ongokhala carbon dioxide, ndi mitambo asidi sulfuric zimangokhala red-hot kwa 500 ° C pamwamba. Palibe madzi ndipo akhoza silikudziwika mitundu ya moyo. Venus ngakhale spacecraft sangakhoze kuima: iwo kusungunula ndi kutentha.

Mars

4 dziko mu dongosolo la zowalitsa, ndi wotsiriza wa Lapansi monga - ndi Mars. The Red Planet wakhala chidwi asayansi, ndi pakatikati pa kafukufuku lero. Mars wakhala kuphunzira ndi ambiri "Woyendetsa Chombo", awiri "Scandinavia" ndi Soviet "Mars". Kwa nthawi yaitali zakuthambo anaganiza kupeza padziko madzi Red Planet a. Lero tisadziwa padangokhala Mars anayang'ana chosiyana kuposa panopa, mwina zinali madzi. Anthu ena amanena, chimene kusintha khalidwe pamwamba anathandiza Mars kugunda ndi lalikulu zizindikiro asteroid tchuthi mu mawonekedwe a zimaphala asanu. Zotsatira zake zinali tsoka kusamuka kwa mitengo yonyamulira ya dziko pafupifupi 90º, kuwonjezeka kwambiri ntchito mapiri kayendedwe ka mbale lithospheric. Pa nthawi yomweyo pakhala, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Mars anataya madzi, kutengera mumlengalenga pa dziko kwambiri kuchepa padziko anayamba kukhala ngati chipululu.

Jupiter

mapulaneti Large mu dongosolo la zowalitsa, kapena zimphona gasi, wosiyana ndi lamba Lapansi asteroid. Wapafupi wa iwo Dzuwa ndi Jupiter. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mapulaneti ena onse a dongosolo lathu. Gasi chimphona kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zida "Voyager" 1 ndi 2, komanso "Galileo". Last kugwa opezeka padziko Jupiter nyenyezi zidutswa yokonza nsapato-Levy 9 unali wapadera monga mwambo wokha, komanso mwayi kulitsatira. Chifukwa cha ofufuza anali amatha kupeza osati chiwerengero cha zithunzi chidwi, komanso ena deta za nyenyezi ndi zikuchokera dziko.

Nkosafuna kugwera Jupiter isiyana ndi ofanana pa dziko matupi apadziko. Shards ngakhale yaikulu kukula sangachoke ndi Chigwa padziko Jupiter tiri pafupi kwathunthu mpweya. Nyenyezi anali odzipereka mwa zigawo chapamwamba ya mumlengalenga, mbasiya padziko zipsera mdima, umene posachedwapa mbisoweka. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Jupiter, chifukwa kukula kwake ndi kulemera, amachita mbali ya kumbuyo ya Dziko Lapansi, kuthetsa izo kuchokera zinyalala zosiyanasiyana. Akukhulupirira kuti mpweya chimphona zatenganso mbali yofunika kwambiri zikamera wa moyo kuchokera zinyalala uliwonse umene unagwa pa Jupiter, dziko zingachititse kuti misa ikutha. Ndipo ngati ngozi zoterezi zimachitika kawirikawiri mu magawo oyambirira a moyo, mwina anthu kulibe mpaka tsopano.

abale chizindikiro nzeru

Kuphunzira dziko lapansili ndi dzuwa ndi thambo lonse, osati chosafunikira ikuchitika ndi cholinga cha mawu kufufuza, sipangakhalenso kwaiye kapena kale okhala kumeneko. Komabe, kuli kwakuti chilengedwe kotero kuti anthu sangathe kulimbana ndi ntchito, ndi kwa nthawi zonse analigawira. Choncho zida za "Voyager" anali okonzeka ndi kuzungulira zotayidwa bokosi munali kanema chimbale. Lili zambiri, monga asayansi, ndi kufotokoza kuti oimira mitundu ina angathe kukhala mu malo a dziko ndi anthu ake. Zithunzi akuonetsedwa mitunda, kapangidwe anatomical ya kapangidwe DNA anthu, zithunzi za ku moyo wa anthu ndi nyama, lolembedwa phokoso: mbalame zikuimba, kulira kwa mwana, mvula, phokoso ndi ena ambiri. litayamba zilipo za ndondomeko ya dzuwa dongosolo 14 pulsars mkulu. Mafotokozedwe amapangidwa ndi ntchito chaka bayinare.

"Voyager 1" m'ma 2020 adzasiya dongosolo dzuwa ngakhale zaka zambiri adzakhala mafunde chilengedwe cha malo. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti atulukira mitundu ina earthlings mauthenga kumachitika posachedwapa, pa nthawi imene dziko lathu kudzathetsedwa udzawonongedwa. Pankhaniyi, litayamba ndi zokhudza anthu ndi dziko - onse amene amakhalabe a mtundu wa chilengedwe chonse.

wozungulira latsopano

Pa chiyambi cha chidwi XXI atumwi kufufuza malo chawonjezeka kwambiri. Zosangalatsa za dongosolo la zowalitsa kupitiriza kudziunjikira. Konzekeretsani ulendo ku Mars, deta woyengeka zazimphona mpweya. Chaka chilichonse bwino zida, makamaka chitukuko cha mitundu yatsopano ya injini kuti adzapanga flights kumadera akutali a malo ndi ndalama zochepa mafuta. Scientific patsogolo kayendedwe amapereka chiyembekezo chakuti zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri za dongosolo la zowalitsa posachedwapa kukhala mbali ya nzeru zathu tingapeze umboni wa kukhalako kwa Oort mtambo, kumvetsa ndendende zomwe zachititsa kuti kusintha kwa nyengo pa Mars ndi momwe zinaliri kale, kufufuza louma Mercury, potsiriza, kumanga maziko pa Moon. maloto Wildest openda zakuthambo amakono ngakhale wofuna kuposa ena mafilimu wosangalatsa. Chinthu chidwi ndi zomwe wa luso ndi sayansi kunena za mwayi weniweni wa m'tsogolomu odzitukumula.