Kufufuza mu sayansi maselo.

Pano ine ndikuwapereka lingaliro ponena chotulukira. Lang'anani, paliponse ine ndinamuwona ngakhale kafungo izo. Maganizo limatchula chodabwitsa evaporation, ndicho izo atsegula lonse chinthu chatsopano monga zifukwa zazikulu madzi yozizira m'kati evaporation. Mafotokozedwe mtundu: zakumwa n'kuthamangitsidwa mamolekyulu kwambiri mofulumira yekha, iwo amene ali wakutheker kugonjetsa mphamvu za anyamata intermolecular. Izi amachepetsa liwiro avareji mamolekyulu otsala. Choncho, izo yafupika thupi kutentha, chimene chiri mwa kudalira liwiro la.

Koma ngati inu muyang'ana pang'ono kwa ndondomeko evaporation, izo Tingaone wina, makamakanso ngati si chachikulu, chinthu yozizira. zodabwitsazi (chinthu) sunalembedwe mu buku lililonse pa sayansi. Ku chiphunzitso chakale ayenera kukhala kwanzeru kuti molekyulu evaporating sizichepetsa pafupifupi ziro ndi mlingo wake wa liwiro vytolknuvshey mamolekyulu ake. Koma zimenezi si zoona.

Pamwamba zigawo za mamolekyulu madzi imakonzedwa pa mtunda woposa mu zigawo zakuya. Izi zimayambitsa chodabwitsa cha mavuto padziko.

Pamwamba pa madzi

Molekyulu 1 V1

V2

molekyulu 2

V3

molekyulu 3

Mkuyu. 1.

The zambiri asanduke nthunzi ya ejection-1 molekyulu (onani. Mkuyu. 1) ndi kugunda ake ndi molekyulu wa 2, lomwe lili pamodzi ndi molekyulu 1 pa perpendicular pamwamba madzi ndipo ali osachepera tangential mathamangidwe chigawo. Pambuyo kugunda, pa mtunda wamkulu kuposa radii la tinthu awiri, magulu mwagwirizana repulsion m'malo mwa magulu kukula kwa kukondana. Mphamvu zimenezi ndi kuchepetsedwa pafupifupi ziro liwiro ndi kutentha Kelvin panamveka osati 1 molekyulu, koma 2 molekyulu amene amapitiriza madzi. Molekyulu 2 alibe nthawi kusamutsa mphamvu zawo kayendedwe ndi loyandikana molekyulu 3: zake "kusiya" molekyulu evaporating 1. Nkosatheka nkhani ya kukopa munthawi yomweyo kam'bulu kamodzi ka awiri molekyulu. Pankhaniyi, molekyulu akhoza kukhala mmodzi yekha pafupifupi liwiro. Komabe, mu chomaliza kuchoka gawo 1 molekyulu, 2 mamolekyulu kuchepetsa liwiro lake ndi kutentha mtheradi Kelvin pafupifupi ziro. M'pamenenso ndi kumumenya loyandikana molekyulu awiri mamolekyulu lateral kuti kuchepetsa deceleration zotsatira "yopulumutsira" mphamvu kayendedwe wa molekyulu 2. Koma ndinganene zotsatira pafupifupi chopinga kuti n'zofunika chifukwa mtunda pakati mamolekyulu mu zigawo pamwamba pa madzi ndi mokwanira lalikulu. chakuti mphamvu za anyamata ofanana ndi mphamvu inertia evaporating mamolekyulu, anati chodabwitsa cha mavuto padziko, umene zambiri za padziko madzimadzi wosanjikiza mamolekyulu unachitikira mkati mpaka equiprobable kwa mamolekyulu onse kugunda kwambiri amphamvu ndi pusher 2. Choncho molekyulu, evaporating molekyulu kumachepetsa 1 liwiro lake ndi liwiro mamolekyulu 2 pafupifupi ziro.

evaporation chodabwitsa ayenera kumwedwa mu nkhani za sayansi zonse kuphunzira dziko zakuthupi. Pamwamba tanthauzo latsopano zifukwa madzi yozizira pa evaporation ake ayenera kupereka mafotokozedwe zothandiza kuwerengetsera zonse, zimene ziyenera kuganizira amenewa.

Maganizo ake ine kutsutsa chakale evaporation chiphunzitso, akuti:

1. "Liwiro la tinthu madzi vaporized pamwamba pafupifupi". Kwa zaka zoposa 15 Ine amanena lingaliro lanu yosiyana sayansi mabungwe popanda avomere. Ndi kuti ziyenda bwino analemba V. V. Putinu ndi D. A. Medvedevu ndi pempho atumiza kwa kuwunika kwa mabungwe woyenera sayansi. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndinazindikira, palibe kutsutsa, koma zimasonyeza - chiopsezo cha ntchito wasayansi. April 28 chaka chino, ndinakumana ndi lingaliro langa la phungu wa sayansi luso, katswiri wa sayansi maselo. Pa funso langa loyamba, "Kodi liwiro mamolekyulu chamunthuyo," iye anati, "Zabwino kwambiri, pafupifupi pamwamba." Pambuyo kudziwa bwino lingaliro langa, izo adatchithisira mlingo uwu, "Inde, mwina ena mamolekyulu ndi m'mbuyo. Koma mamolekyulu madzi kwambiri, motero, kwambiri mwayi kumwazikana mamolekyulu evaporating kuti thamanga kwambiri. " Ine anatsutsa izi: "Kuti imathandizira kuti liwiro la pafupifupi pamwamba chamunthuyo mamolekyulu" 1 ", m'pofunika evaporating mamolekyulu" 1 "kumwazikana kwa liwiro, kuposa pafupifupi, kuposa kawiri. Ndipo chochitika, ndipo ngati n'kotheka, koma ndi chodziwikiratu kuti ayenera ananyalanyaza. Mamolekyulu - "MILIYONEYA" kwa mphamvu kayendedwe ayenera kukhala zachilendo kwambiri ". Ngati mphamvu ndalama piramidi imeneyo unyolo wa zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za kuya zamadzimadzi imathandizira evaporating abwera "1" ya molekyulu ndi - akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati mamolekyulu wa mbewa zakufa vertex mu molekyulu "1". Chozama wosanjikiza mamolekyulu, m'pamenenso izi Wonenedwa mphamvu kubalalika. Kwambiri Nkosatheka chochitika - molekyulu ndi liwiro pafupifupi. Mamolekyulu ndi liwiro ndi, pang'ono kapena pang'ono poyerekeza ndi avareji - ndi si zachilendo. Liwiro mamolekyulu evaporating, kwambiri pamwamba pafupifupi, kodi theoretically chifukwa cha chiwembu zovuta za kusiyana yoyamba zigawo zozama. Koma mu kuya kwa mamolekyulu onse pa maziko ofanana ndi onse mayendedwe mphamvu kufala Amachitanso mwina, ndiye Mwina zosiyanasiyana zoikamo mamolekyulu mu njira imodzi ndi kam'bulu kamodzi ka "1" - otsika chomwecho, monga Mwina zokha kupeza mu gawo lililonse uninsulated buku la madzi ndi osiyana malo ena kutentha. Mwambo zambiri ndi liwiro mamolekyulu evaporating, pang'ono kuposa pafupifupi (kapena wolingana, ngati mbali yomaliza ya evaporation a "1" ya molekyulu, pamene kuchepa kwa icho kubwerera: mathamangidwe ndi ziro - amaitana molekyulu nthunzi kapena mpweya chochitika chimenechi kwambiri mwachidziwikire. kukhota nthawi, koma zokayikitsa zotheka pamene waima mpweya).

2. M'pake kuganiza kuti mavuto padziko akugwirizira mamolekyulu onse ndi sing'anga ndi liwiro m'munsi mwa madzi (kupatula zotulutsira kapena mamolekyulu mpweya nthunzi zouluka kufanana pamwamba madzi). Ndiye m'pofunika kunena kuti chochitika zambiri ndi evaporation a molekyulu ndi liwiro choposa pafupifupi osachepera. Kuti pali kusiyana mphamvu kayendedwe wa molekyulu "1" ndi mphamvu angathe kukopa ake oyandikana molekulami- kochepa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pambuyo kugonjetsa imeneyi yomwe mphamvu, liwiro - ndi kutentha madigiri mtheradi Kelvin - mamolekyulu panamveka "1" adzakhala pafupi ziro. "Ndipo kodi mphamvu kayendedwe ka maselo ejected"? Funso anandifunsa katswiri wa sayansi maselo. Ine ndinati (ndinaganiza za izo kale) - mwina zipita malemeredwe mphamvu ya ma atomu, wamfupi, si anazindikira mwa munthu monga kutentha; Mwina pang'ono ankalankhula mu nonthermal shortwave sipekitiramu mu atomu.

3. 2.Speed madzi otsala mu molekyulu "2" pambuyo evaporating molekyulu "1" si kugunda amakhalabe zikutsatiridwa ngati nkoyenera kwa chiphunzitso chakale, koma amachepetsa pafupifupi ziro.

4. Malinga ndi chiwembu mdani wanga (iye anazichotsa lakelo), "zigawo The pamwamba kwambiri kwambiri pafupi wina ndi mnzake. A mtunda lalikulu pakati mamolekyulu aliyense wosanjikiza. " Iye anasonyeza zimenezi mwa yotsutsa wanga wa amanena kuti "2" molekyulu mkuyu. "1" alibe nthawi kusamutsa mphamvu zawo zakuya. Komabe, kuchokera tiganizira yosavuta ayenera kukhala malo ankafalitsa mwakhama khola la zigawo mu "movutikira" ndiko kuti, pansi (ndi "pa") molekyu iliyonse ya 2, 3, 4, zigawo 5 ayenera kukhala "dzenje". Mkuyu. 1 ankafalitsa mwakhama kwambiri Nkosatheka udindo "2" mamolekyulu ndi "3" - mamolekyulu kupyolera wosanjikiza wa. Molekyulu "2" chagona mu wosanjikiza lachitatu, molekyulu "3" - mu wosanjikiza wachisanu ndi molekyulu "1" - mu wosanjikiza choyamba. Pankhaniyi, molekyulu "2" pambuyo ejecting, oyaka molekyulu "1" kugunda - ntchentche kudzera kusiyana pakati mamolekyulu yapafupi pansi pa wosanjikiza wachinayi yotsatira, wachisanu, wosanjikiza maselo - ndipo suffices kuchepetsa mtunda pafupi ziro mathamangidwe ndi kutentha. "1" evaporating molekyulu. liwiro pafupifupi ziro yokha, nthawi yobwerera m'mbuyo pafupifupi ziro molekyulu "2". Izi - chochitika kwambiri Nkosatheka.

5. amapita "manja" Mu sayansi, zinachitikira ndi chiphunzitso. Ndikukayika sindikuganiza kuti, "Gibbs mphamvu" imene Akuti kusiyana kumangidwa atomiki ndi maselo - molondola amasonyeza zochitika zenizeni. Koma ngati ndinatha kutsimikizira mfundo zake katswiri wa sayansi maselo (iye mochedwa pambuyo mtsutso wathu, ngakhale kuti zikande, koma bwino pansipa avareji) - kotero, chiphunzitso, ndi kuzirala kwa evaporating zakumwa ndi zofooka ndi mipata. Zikuoneka kuti izi chifukwa chakuti mphamvu za mogwirizana maselo - yochepa zosiyanasiyana ndipo mathamangitsidwe ndi deceleration - ndi yochepa. Ananyalanyaza, ntchito kuwerengera liwiro avareji mamolekyulu. Ichi ndi choona pa mamolekyulu mwa madzi. Koma kuchita zimenezi zinachititsa kuti zolakwa kuphunzira khalidwe la tinthu chamunthuyo.

6. lingaliro Langa la kuthetseratu kusiyana izi. Mwina kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa zoyambitsa yozizira ya evaporating zakumwa adzatsegula munda latsopano la ntchito kwa woyamba refrigerators zosavuta, conditioners mpweya ndi kunyamula. m. p.

7. kupanga mabuku patsogolo anayandikira kwambiri. Panali imodzi yovomerezeka ya Baibulo, ndi zonse zili m'menemo ndi zogwirizana ndi maganizo a sayansi boma.

8. Apa ndi phunziro 1976, kalasi 9, patsamba 68:. "Ngati kutentha zonse, madzi kwasanduka nthunzi si kuonjezera mphamvu kayendedwe ka tinthu, koma limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka mu mphamvu angathe. Ndipotu, mtunda pafupifupi pakati mamolekyulu mpweya ndi zina zambiri kuposa pakati mamolekyulu a madzi. Komanso kuchuluka kusintha kuchokera chinthu zamadzimadzi boma gaseous,

9.

10. Zofuna kugwira ntchito ndi magulu a kuthamanga kunja. Apa, malangizo panopa akusonyeza kuwerengetsera: "Kuchuluka kwa kutentha wofunikila kutembenuka pa kutentha zonse 1 kg. madzi mu nthunzi, anatchula kutentha monga yeniyeni vaporization. " Zikuoneka kuti sitili pa magwero kunja kutentha ukulu wa chochitika mphamvu (ndipo - kutentha) iliyonse kilogalamu wa evaporation madzi.

11. Koma si chinaneneratu kulikonse anga - osati kawirikawiri, koma kwambiri Nkosatheka njira: molekyulu ukuphwera, liwiro lake ndi liwiro la madzi otsala mu molekyulu ndi pafupifupi chitakonzedwa, ndi mphamvu angathe mogwirizana awo mbisoweka. Kodi zinachitika mphamvu? Funso interlocutor anga osati kwambiri wake monga - onse ntchito kupyolera mfundo wanga Nkosatheka maganizo a sayansi. The mphamvu malemeredwe la atomu, mu cheza cha mu atomu sukupita? Buku la sayansi, imene ine ndinali akukonzekera kulowa Institute Polytechnic (maphunziro mu 1983), utoto chiwembu chomwecho ndi kupatsidwa malongosoledwe lomwelo limene ndinapatsa posachedwapa katswiri. Koma mu sukulu buku langa anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ndi chiwembu yosiyana. Tsamba 84. Kuchokera kulongosola zikuoneka kuti mphamvu zimene zimachitika pakati pa mamolekyulu nthunzi akhoza ananyalanyaza, chifukwa kachulukidwe ake zinthu zachilendo nthawi zambiri zosakwana osalimba a madzi. "Mu kam'bulu kamodzi ka nyemba madzi kuchita mbali 2 a molekyulu ndi mphamvu amanyansidwa ndi kukopa mphamvu atagona mamolekyulu kuya 3,4,5, IT d. 2 molekyulu pa mphamvu yokoka kuchokera mamolekyulu m'manja mwa kuya 4, 5, 6, ndi. T. d. ndi mphamvu chonyansa kwa molekyulu 3. Koma, kuwonjezera, amachita ngakhale mphamvu kuchokera repulsion molekyulu 1. Chifukwa, mtunda wa pakati mamolekyulu 1 u2 pafupifupi kuposa mtunda pakati mamolekyulu wa 2 ndi 3 (molekyulu 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, etc. -... bodza pa mzere perpendicular pamwamba madzi, ndi manambala - monga Chithunzi 1 -. limakula kwambiri). A mtunda wa 2 - 3 pa mtunda 3 -4. T. d. mpaka mpaka palibe bwanji kuyandikana molekyulu pamwamba. " Izi mwatsatanetsatane umboni wooneka analandira kuti mtunda pakati kam'bulu kamodzi ka chapamwamba "wosanjikiza" ndi 2 molekyulu pansi - mkuyu. 1 -more mwina. Izi zoposa braking molekyulu 2 mkuyu. 1 - kuti ziro. 404118 Volzhsky, 30 mamita - izo dom40 kV. 17.