Mchere Finland. Makampani ndi Economics mu Finland

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza Finland mchere, m'zigawo awo, processing ndi udindo mu chuma. Yambani nkhaniyi adzakhala ndi mtunda wa za nyengo ya zaka biliyoni atatu zapitazo, pamene malo anakwiriridwa pansi pa glacier yaikulu. Makamaka chifukwa cha zochitika zimenezo nthawi mafupa a Finland anaonekera manambala amenewa.

zaka ayezi

Inali nthawi ayezi zaka lalikulu gulu lubwe galasi limene yaikulu wosanjikiza katundu ayezi kupita kutumphuka dziko lapansi mlingo umene unakhazikitsidwa akuluakulu awiri dziwe - Gulf wa Bothnia ndi Nyanja Baltic, akale nyanja choyamba. Iwo oundana anapanga zimachititsa chilumbachi la Finland. Ayezi makulidwe makilomita woposa atatu anatha kukhotetsa lapansi lenilenilo. Iwo anatenga kuchokera pamwamba pa mamita oposa asanu ndi awiri a mwala.

Dongosolo lonse la nyanja Chifinishi ndi boulders yaikulu abweretsa kwambiri akhoza kundiuza mmene Finland mpumulo kunapezeka kwambiri zimene tikuona lero. Atatu peresenti ya dziko - ndi lotseguka mwamtheradi lubwe, ndipo ngakhale peresenti khumi - yemweyo lubwe mobisa pa akuya mita imodzi. Ndiyamika mafupawa Ice Age mu Finland ndi kuchuluka zitsulo sanali akakhala ndi osowa lapansi. chakuti kalelo izi zinali dziko la glacier, ndimasangalala mwamtheradi onse pa dziko.

Finland tsopano

Malo ndi Finland, - kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Gawo lalikulu la dziko lili pa Scandinavia Peninsula. Iwo akugawana malire ndi Norway, Russia, Sweden, pa nyanja - ndi Estonia. m'dera ziri zazing'ono - makilomita lalikulu mazana atatu makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu zikwi. Pali zisanu miliyoni ndi theka anthu, mbali yaikulu ya amene anakhazikika ku likulu - Helsinki - ndiponso mizinda ina ang'onoang'ono, ndipo anthu makumi atatu okha a anthu - m'madera ena. Kuchuluka kwa nyanja, nkhalango, zithaphwi - Mbali khalidwe la gawo la dziko kumene Finland.

No zochepa zosangalatsa zambiri za mderali nyama ndi zomera. Zimbalangondo ndi ose si zachilendo, koma chovala manja Finland nthawi zonse ankafotokozedwa si akukhala malo awa mkango (ngakhale amakhulupilira kuti 1580 izo adatchedwa mfumu ya zilombo trot). Popeza ambiri linakhalapo (zaka za zaka mazana asanu) Finland yachitika m'chigawo cha Sweden, anali Swedish mfumu Gustav Ine ndine chithunzi ichi. Odula manja Finland pomwepo adawonekeranso pa chifaniziro chake mu mpingo Gothic mzinda wa Uppsala. Patapita kanthawi pang'ono, Finland anali gawo la Russia, ndiyeno mkango (kapena amphaka) amasonyeza pa chikopa, yomwe inali pa chifuwa cha ufumu awiri mutu mphungu.

madera

Geography a Finland ndithu achilendo: magawo oposa awiri a m'gawo lake lagona mamita mazana awiri pansi pa nyanja ndipo ali ndi maganizo a m'chipululu mapiri moraine ndi maonekedwe kawirikawiri miyala, m'maenje a nyanja ndi zitunda za mapiri - Salpausselkä, Suomenselkä, Manselkya.

North-kumadzulo kwa dziko kulamulidwa ndi mapiri Scandinavia (kum'mawa kumalekezero). Mapiri mu Finland mu mamita 1365 - phiri Haltiatunturi. A zosakwana makumi asanu zikwi nyanja, kapena peresenti eyiti madera onse kupanga dongosolo lalikulu madzi. Kutalika kwa mtsinje si choncho, koma iwo ali odzadzidwa ndi mathithi ndi madzi mkulu.

nthaka

Nthaka ya Finland anatsimikiza ndi malo ake ndi Baltic Chishango. Kumayambiriro Precambrian metamorphic miyala kuno, komanso lubwe, ndipo iwo ankaona podornuty Chifunga glacier ndi glacial madipoziti wa nthawi Quaternary. Mthunzi wa glacier ali kuonekera magawo awo onse. Bothnia mitanda vuto zone kuti chimafikira kwa kwambiri Ladoga nyanja m'dera kugawa Precambrian formations nthawi mu mbali ziwiri. Kum'mawa kufala kwa malamba Archean greenstone nthawi, kwambiri toyalana m'dambo clastic ndi volcanics Jatulian (Early Proterozoic).

Ndi nawo ndi omwe angakhudzidwe ndi miyala ya ores wa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali (ndi ena - kosavuta): ndi miyala si golide, komanso ureniamu, chitsulo, mkuwa, faifi tambala, m'munsi zitsulo, vanadium ndi cobalt. Kumadzulo pali Mbali yokhala ngati zamchere miyala, shales ndi greywacke pansi zaka biliyoni yakale imene inakhazikitsidwa ndi arcs chiphala chilumbachi ndi nyanja mmphepete. Iwo ali mu malo ambiri plutons intruded ndi granitoids, kumene wapadera malo - Tsentralnofinlyandsky batholith. Pali zambiri madipoziti ka polymetallic, yamkuwa, yachitsulo, faifi tambala komanso yosowa lapansi miyala.

kafukufuku

Mu 1947, sayansi Geological Society, mu 1970 reorganized Academy unapangidwa bungwe ku Finland. Ndi otsiriza, ndipo chinkhoswe mu zochitika nthaka ndi migodi ya dziko. The curator ndi komiti yapadera, membala wa kapangidwe Academy kumene mamembala ndi asayansi m'munda wa sayansi. Akutulukira nkhani zimathandiza kuthana ndi gawo la Board Academy amakamba kafukufuku zamakono, ndipo onetsetsani kuti apite mu mafunso onse kwambiri malangizo - kuphunzira chilengedwe.

Mu Finland, mayunivesite akuphunzira ndi migodi ndi nthaka, koma khalidwe izi timaphunzitsidwa mu Dipatimenti ya onse (sayansi) kupatulapo yekha. Izi ndi Mzinda wa Helsinki University of Technology - State yunivesite, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1908. Pali Dipatimenti osiyana zitsulo ndi migodi. Komabe, ukhoza kuitana kwambiri mayunivesite Chifinishi kuti kuphunzitsa nkhani zosiyanasiyana, omwe inseparably chikugwirizana ndi migodi ndi nthaka, ngakhale kuti m'madipatimenti ameneŵa saali anthu osiyana ndi wamba, ndipo zoyenera sayansi zachilengedwe.

mchere Finland

Chrome miyala Finland wolemera kwambiri. Komanso pali m'matangadza lalikulu ndi nthaka, cobalt, faifi tambala, mkuwa, apatite, vanadium, ndi kumene ndi peat. Iron miyalayo ndi ncho kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko. M'munda Pahtovara anakonza quartzites glandular, mu Kaymaryavi - apatites ndi magnetites, ndi McCall, Hitura ndi Kotalahti kupereka mkuwa ndi faifi tambala. Ores wa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali anayamba kum'mwera kwa Finland, Kemi ndi kumpoto Lapland. Vammala gawo, Outokumpu, Vihanti muli golide, siliva ndi zitsulo pulatinamu gulu (yotsirizira ndi negligible gawo).

Osowa zitsulo ndi yotengedwa mu mabacteria ndi kum'mwera ndi chapakati, pamene minda yaikulu ndi Kangasala Kemiyo ndi mmene zili za ilmenite miyala amakhala ndi kukhalapo, phlogopite, magnetite, zircon, pyrochlore baddelita. apatites miyala, chromium, vanadium zofunika ndithu, ku Ulaya, mu malo oyamba kuchuluka kwa cobalt - chachiwiri. Komanso zambiri zitsulo, nthaka, mkuwa, faifi tambala. Peat ndi sanali zachitsulo mchere yotengedwa ambiri mu Finland. Peat madipoziti achuluka kwambiri ndipo ili pafupifupi kudutsa dziko, koma kukula, aliyense wa iwo ali ochepa. Chuma kukhala madipoziti owonjezera mahekitala makumi awiri, amene matabwa kukhala mamita oposa awiri. Mu Finland, si monga madipoziti zonsezi.

miyalayo

Pafupifupi onse a madipoziti wa ureniamu miyala ali Karelian quartzite-shale zovuta kapena pa malire a Archean lubwe-gneiss zovuta. miyala ya chidwi cholemba mungathe Kolari Paltamo Paukayanvare ndi Noutiyarvi. Iron ores zili mbali kumpoto-kumadzulo ndi chapakati Finland. Nthawi zambiri iwo ali oyanjana ndi Karelian orogeny, izo leptitovoy mapangidwe.

Pakati ores ali quartzites ferruginous (Pahtovara), apatite ndi magnetidy (Kaymayarvi ndi ena), magnetite skarns (Oriyarvi ndi Tervola), ilmenite-magnetite (mu Otanmyaki ndi malo ena). madipoziti Skarn amakonzedwa ndi magmatic zovuta. Vanadium ndi titaniyamu mu miyalayo zili kumapeto kum'mawa kwa Baltic Chishango. nyumba izi imakhudzana ndi wotsika ndi sredneproterozoyskim nthawi. Amayambidwa m'minda Mustavara Otanmyaki.

polymetals

miyalayo Chromium ali anaikira mu munda, amene amadyetsa makampani onse analemba mu Finland. Izi Kemi - mu Gulf wa Bothnia, pagombe ake kumpoto. Cobalt, faifi tambala, mkuwa, ndi monga zitsulo sanali akakhala zimachitika ores mu Ladoga Bothnia lamba, ndi miyala ndi minda mafakitale anaulula mitundu iwiri. Izi sulfide mkuwa faifi tambala mu Kotalahtinskoy subband lamba (McCall, Hitura, Kotalahti ndi ena), mmene pafupifupi mkuwa zili 0,3%, ndi faifi tambala - 1.2%.

Mtundu chachiwiri - ndi stratimorfnye madipoziti galasi amene amagwirizana ndi graphite wakuda shales (Hammaslakti, Vuonos, Outokumpu, ndi ena), mmene siliva zili - magalamu 11 pa tani miyala, golide - kuti tidziwe nthaka - 7%, mkuwa - 3, 5%, ndipo pali pang'ono cobalt ndi faifi tambala. Ores zili minda kum'mwera mafuta pa Baltic Chikopa, kumene, kuwonjezera nthaka ndi kutsogolera golide uli, mkuwa, siliva, ndi zinthu zina zambiri.

makampani Finland

Makhalidwe ambiri a ntchito chuma GDP dziko la kale mu 1986 analipo biliyoni 357 FIM. Tikumbukenso kuti chithunzi ichi nthawi zonse ndi pang'ono ayamba. Mbali chidwi ndi makampani migodi nkhani yekha chakhumi cha peresenti ya GDP ndi makampani opanga - oposa zana makumi awiri.

Ngakhale nkhokwe mwachilungamo lalikulu la chuma mchere, waukulu chuma lachibadwa ankaona nkhalango okuta oposa theka la dziko lonse. Choncho, nthambi zonse zazikulu za chuma Chifinishi zikugwira chitukuko cha chuma anthu. Pali mavuto Finland ndi mphamvu, ngakhale akuyamba chitukuko malonda a miyala ya utsi olimba ndi madzi.

Monga izo zinali

chuma mchere akupangidwa ku Finland kuyambira nthawi zakale, ngakhale Chifinishi nthano (runes) ndikuuzeni za chitsulo ores. Ngakhale kuti zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, kuwonjezera pa mwala ndi chitsulo, musagwiritsire ntchito chilichonse. makampani migodi mu ulamuliro Swedish mu Finland anali sunayambe, chifukwa ngakhale kufufuza makamaka kuti chitukuko anayenera kukhala ndi chilolezo la Mfumu ya Sweden.

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi anayamba miyala wanga chitsulo ndi nkhumba chitsulo Sungunulani anaganiza yekha mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, ndipo anali pafupi ndi kupanga artisanal. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, kale ku Russia, akuluakulu a boma anayamba kulimbikitsa ndi kufufuza ndi m'zigawo zipangizo mchere yaiwisi.

Monga izo zinali

Mu 1812, a Russian Ufumu analengedwa mu dera lake loyamba Chifinishi a Mines, kutsogolera kufufuza chuma mchere ndi ntchito zawo. Woyamba chilolezo Kulonsuonmyaki muli wanga pa m'zigawo za zitsulo, ndipo m'gulu chitukuko cha khumi mu 1829 madipoziti amenewa. Chifukwa miyeso chingatilimbikitse yopangira za zitatu matani zitsulo, ndi kukula kwa makampani akupitiriza. Kuwonjezera lalikulu boma akumeneko, opareshoni oposa makumi asanu migodi yaing'ono payekha kumene khalidwe miyala zambiri otsika kotheratu.

Russia anatenga chitsulo ndi udindo ufulu mkuwa, kotero kukula kupanga kuposa matani forte-eyiti zikwi 1860. Mkuwa Oriyarvi anayamba kutulutsa mu 1832, ndipo mu 1870, kale anayamba madipoziti polymetallic mu Pitkyaranta. Pofika mu 1895, Finland opangidwa tonnes 5.195 zamkuwa, matani 425 malata, pafupifupi matani siliva, ndi Lapland chilango anatsuka golide - mpaka makilogalamu makumi asanu pa chaka. Anawasema lubwe, syenite, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito osati Finland: zambiri nyumba ya St. Petersburg anayenera ndi mwala Chifinishi. Lero, mankhwala onse a makampani migodi mu Finland ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa mayuro biliyoni chaka, yomwe pafupifupi makumi asanu mabizinezi alipo.