Oligopoly mu chuma - ndi chiyani ichi? Udindo wa oligopolies mu masiku Russian chuma

M'mayiko ambiri capitalist yodziwika ndi asapita oligopolistic msika. Oligopoly mu chuma - ndi mtundu wa nthaka pakati, kulola pa dzanja limodzi, kuugwira onse ogwira Yaikulu ndi kusamalira pa zina - kulenga zinthu m'tsogolo kulowa malo mpikisano. Mulimonsemo, mutu kuli kofunika kwambiri chifukwa Russia, chifukwa milandu dziko lathu maphunziro kwakukulu.

ndi oligopoly Kodi

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane kusiyana mtundu wa asapita msika pa ena. Oligopoly mu chuma msika - msonkhano malo ochepa alimi ndi ogula ambiri. Monga ulamuliro, chiwerengero cha Makampani si upambana mayunitsi 10-12. Ambiri chochititsa chidwi, msika oligopolistic mwina mbali zonse okhawo ndi mpikisano, malingana ndi khalidwe la gulu waukulu.

Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti pamene msika pali ochepa osewera akuluakulu okha, iwo ndi zitsanzo ziwiri zokha za khalidwe: choyamba iwo Co-ntchito ndipo ntchito limodzi pothetsa mavuto mfundo mitengo, ndi wina - kupikisana ndi kuganizira adani mzake oipa kwambiri. Mbali yoyamba tikulankhula za "mapangano chinsinsi", atsogoleri ndi kumwa khofi kapena mu chipinda nthunzi nazo zotani masewera khalidwe. Price nkhondo mu chitsanzo chachiwiri cha khalidwe sikuti kupita athandize opanga, koma kuchepetsa mitengo ya zinthu kapena kusintha khalidwe lake amakopeka kuthekera makasitomala atsopano.

mbali khalidwe la oligopoly

Oligopoly mu chuma masiku ano ali ndi zizindikiro zawo zenizeni. Pali ochepa:

1. chiwerengero cha makampani akutsogola msika. Kawirikawiri kutenga za chiwerengero chomwecho, kotero kuti mphamvu zawo sitinganene kuti okhawo koyera.

2. Ngati tikulingalira Zithunzi, kusowa pamapindikira aliyense kampani munthu adzakhala ndi khalidwe kucheperachepera, wochokera tinganene kuti msika si mpikisano.

3. Mbali yaikulu ndiyakuti kanthu pa mbali ya mmodzi wa opanga sadzapitiriza kukhala opanda chidwi cha mpikisano. Ngati ngakhale chipani chofunika kwambiri kuukitsa mtengo wa mpikisano Adzakakamizika kanthu ofanana kapena hule ndi kufunika kwa malonda awo. Pankhaniyi, mosiyana msika mpikisano, kasitomala khalidwe zovuta zisanachitike. Oligopoly mu chuma - nthawizonse Kankhani luso kapena kuchepetsa mtengo.

4. zambiri yovomerezeka mankhwala amapangidwa kumsika ndi oligopolistic. Motero, alimi akadali kusewera kokha nkhondo mtengo, monga kusintha khalidwe kapena mtundu wa mankhwala iwo sangathe. Pa nthawi yomweyo, subtype wina - kusiyanitsidwa oligopoly (mwachitsanzo makampani magalimoto) - limakupatsani bungwe zikuluzikulu mpikisano pakati pa Makampani kubala kwa tcheru ogula a.

5. oligopoly aliyense akhoza yodziwika ndi chizindikiro cha ndende. The apamwamba a index, chindichepere mpikisano mu msika. Kuwerengetsa mlingo wa ndende ndi ntchito Herfindahl-Hirschman.

pakhomo zimaonetsa kuti msika

Msika limene pali alimi ochepa lalikulu, makampani wamng'ono zovuta kulowa. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa. Oligopoly mu chuma Russian litakhazi- anagwirizana odetsedwa, ndipo maina awo awonekere lonse. Monga ulamuliro, mafakitale onse kuti angatchedwe oligopolistic ndi anthu kumene ali osauka, luso chipangizo, zida zikuluzikulu.

Zikuonekeratu kuti kampani achinyamata kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri osati kuyamba ntchito, chifukwa pamafunika ndalama yaikulu, komanso kupitiriza kugwira ntchito pa mlingo mpikisano. Pamene dzina la "Lukoil" pa milomo aliyense, zizakhala zovuta kumenya. Zochita dziko, pali zitsanzo ziwiri zokha ndi malowedwe bwino kumsika oligopolistic kampani latsopano. Izi ndi "Volkswagen" mu US ndi AvtoVAZ mu Russia. Ndiyeno, izo zinali chabe boma thandizo la chikhalidwe, kotero kuti mpikisano yachibadwa salankhulanso.

Msika wa mafuta kupanga mu Russia

Udindo wa oligopolies mu chuma yamakono ya Russia mwangwiro kunachokera ndi chitsanzo cha msika mafuta. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo kwambiri mmene ochepa osewera lalikulu kuchita lamulo "mapangano chinsinsi".

Choyamba, tiyeni tikambirane zimene olimba kuonekera mu msika anapatsidwa ndi zomwe gawo ali wotanganidwa. Pakuti ichi tiyenera chithunzi chotsatirachi.

Monga Tingaone chithunzi ichi, 11 okha makampani Russian kutulutsa pafupifupi 90% ya mafuta. Anai a iwo ali ndi gawo 60%. Iwo ndi osewera waukulu kuwauza zinthu zawo. Kufalitsa mphamvu kupanga mu Russia ukufanizidwa mu chithunzi chotsatirachi.

Kodi n'chiyani chikuchitika msika mafuta kwenikweni

Oligopoly mu chuma Russian, ndipo makamaka mu makampani mafuta, zinthu ngati monopolists. Makamaka, pali vertically-Integrated dongosolo kuti kwathunthu kulamulira ndondomeko lonse mafuta, ndi processing ake isanafike Sale kuthetsa owerenga pa kunja ndi msika mkati.

Monga Komiti Anti-okhawo ntchito ya osewera zikuluzikulu msika si mandala. Theoretically, mtengo wa mankhwala mafuta ayenera kupangidwa mchikakamizo cha zifukwa zambiri kunja ndi mkati, koma zimenezi si zoona kwambiri kwambiri, ndipo, monga momwe anapezazo, mafuta zingawatayitse 20% zochepa, mopanda tsankho kwa opanga. Pali - kuipitsidwa, imene maphwando waukulu kugwirizana pa mtengo ndi kugulitsa kumsika zoweta.

Msika wa ntchito mafoni ku Russia

Ngati tikambirana udindo wa oligopolies mu masiku Russian chuma ndi chitsanzo chabwino limasonyeza msika ntchito mafoni. The mpikisano pano akhala unasiya kukhala yekha mtengo. Pakuti chabwino kukopa makasitomala wopereka nkhondo yeniyeni, nthawi zina mpikisano kuponderezedwa.

Taganizirani zimene zili ndi zimene osewera kutenga udindo waukulu.

Monga Tingaone chithunzi, gawo lalikulu la msika nayo "Big atatu", womwenso MTS "VimpelCom" ( "Beeline") ndi "MegaFon". Posachedwapa, changu chake "Tele 2", ngakhale kuti kupeza malo kopindulitsa kwambiri wa Moscow ndi St. Petersburg akadali kutsekedwa. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti chaka chatha kumeneko kaŵirikaŵiri zimafalitsa ntchito zonse peresenti ochepa. MTS chepetse chiwerengero cha anthu ogula ndi 0.1%, ndi "Megaphone" - 0,3, ndi "Beeline" - by monga mmene 2.6%.

Kodi ndi oligopoly pa msika wa ntchito mafoni

"The Big atatu" asaaonerera pafupifupi msika lonse la ntchito mafoni. mphamvu ya umisiri watsopano, monga 3G- ndi 4G-Internet. Mfundo za oligopoly mu chuma yamakono ya Russia Timaona mmene ntchito zinthu. Mu 2006, "Big atatu" anali nawo kumuyalutsa yaikulu ndi mlandu ciwembu pa ntchito dera. Inali nthawi kuti aona pophatikizana makampani ena laling'ono kapena mofulumira wawo wonse.

Mu 2010, Antimonopoly Service chindapusa yaikulu atsogoleri msika kuti ndikungokokomeza dala tariffs pa misonkhano akungoyendayenda. Kampani chidzankhalira, omwe analipo 1% ya ndalama chifukwa cha zochita zawo. Kuchuluka okwana ndalama otere anakwana rubles miliyoni 8.1. M'pofunika kuwerengetsa mabiliyoni angati a rubles analandira mwa makampani okha.

The "Big zitatu" ndi "Tele 2"

Mu 2006, m'bwalolo limapezeka zikuchepa Swedish woyendetsa "Tele 2". Analiumba anali kumbuyo mu 2001, koma zotchinga mwakhama kuti kulowa mu msika angaletsedwe iye kukhazikika mu zigawo chapakati. Chifukwa cha mpheto wochenjera ndi magawo a ntchito dera, anakwanitsa malo mwayi mpikisano m'madera 13 kwa chaka chimodzi "Tele 2". Komanso, kampani anachita ankakwiya mitengo malamulo, amene analola yokha kupambana 4.3% ya msika. Zinali yojambula amene sakanakhoza kuphonya osewera zikuluzikulu kulankhulana pafoni.

The "Big atatu" wakhala m'zonse kusokoneza "Tele 2," ndipo mu maphunzirowa anali njira sililowerera mpikisano. Mwachitsanzo, pempho anapangidwa ku Unduna wa za M'dziko wa chiwalo chimodzi, ndiye okwelera onse ndi maudindo "Tele 2" anali mosamala zili kaya ukugwirira ntchito molondola.

Koma kampani Swedish Sichinatsitsidwe anaphwa ndi chachikulu cholinga okha kulanda Krasnodar Gawo. Izi "chachikulu atatu" singakwanitse, ndipo iwo anali kudula mtengo mu theka mokwanira amenyane ndi mpikisano. Mwachitsanzo Tikhoza kuona mwangwiro udindo wa oligopolies mu chuma masiku ano. mpikisano wosakondela si nkhani, ndipo ngati kampani latsopano upulumuke ndi kupeza kufalikira pano, muyenera kukhala ndi thandizo amphamvu kwambiri, kapena ndi boma, kapena ndi makampani otchuka kwambiri.

Oligopoly ndi malo ake pa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma

chuma zonse zimagwirizana pa mfundo imodzi view: ndi oligopoly zofunika Masiku ano ndi chuma msika. Ndipo ngakhale msika nthawi zina n'kovuta, nthawi zina anachita nkhondo mpikisano, komabe ali m'pabwino mapangidwe dongosolo wathanzi zachuma. akuti:

1. Choyamba, Makampani akuluakulu ndithu chuma, sipangakhalenso ntchito pa chitukuko cha mafakitale kafukufuku, ndi chitukuko.

2. ndime yoyamba akhale nthawi kuti ndi ndalama ndipo mukhoza aganyali chitukuko, mankhwala adzakhala zambiri zaphindu wogula, motero, n'zotheka kumenya mpikisano. Oligopoly mu chuma - ndi injini zamphamvu ikuyendera.

3. Mu madera kumene chimphona, palibe kowononga mpikisano, onse pa msika lotseguka. Apa pali zotchipa komanso mankhwala apamwamba.

4. Ubwino wina ndi zopinga kulowa. Kupikisana ndi atsogoleri akhoza bwino ndalama kampani.

kuipa oligopolies

Pafupifupi onse ubwino - ichi ndi nkhani zoipa zimene zimachitika zimachitika amasiku ano.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi choona kuti atsogoleri kampani sanaope mpikisano ndi zinthu mwadala kuchita chirichonse chimene iwo akufuna. The kumbali ya zochita zawo, iwo atsimikizire mapangano chinsinsi, kotero kuti ena anachita chimodzimodzi. Kuchita kuipitsidwa, amasewera makasitomala ndi kukakamiza iwo kugula katundu wa otsika khalidwe wokwera kuposa. Ndipo anthu sangachitire mwina, chifukwa oligopoly mu chuma masiku ano mofananira kuti okhawo ndi: kapena kugula kapena kukhala (mwachitsanzo) popanda mafuta.

Ngakhale oligopoly zingasokoneze sayansi ndi luso patsogolo, ndipo si mwa iwo, makampani akuluakulu sali mofulumira kuti atchule umisiri watsopano ndi aganyali chitukuko. Anafotokoza zonse kachiwiri olimba yemweyo ali mu mofulumira chifukwa amadziwa: kugula mulimonse. Mpaka inu kulipira ngongole zonse ndalama kale ndalama, siyachilendo bbwino.

Zotsatira za oligopolization msika

Wachisoni khalidwe lokonda kuphangira ndi oligopolies mu chuma ndi bwino oipa. Mwina zimenezi chifukwa chakuti kukayikirana kwambiri ndipo anthu ambiri amene akufuna kupindula ndi ndalama za anthu wamba mu dziko lathu. Koma Ndipotu lalikulu ndende ya ulimi mu ofesi ina ya zachuma ndi zofunika.

Choyamba, ichi ndi chifukwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu. Zimenezi zimaonekera ndalama lokhazikika. Pakuti malonda ang'onoang'ono pafupifupi onse ndalama ndi variable. Koma makampani akuluakulu a lonse angatipulumutse pa kukhazikitsa luso lililonse latsopano. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga mankhwala atsopano ndalama $ 600 miliyoni, koma ndalama izi lidzasendera kwa zaka, mpaka vutoli likakonzeka, ndi mtengo akhoza kuwonjezeredwa mtengo wa mankhwala kale chopangidwa ndi mtengo izi sizisintha kwambiri.

Pomaliza

Oligopoly mu chuma - ichi ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi kupita patsogolo ndi luso. Ngati njira bwino achindunji omwe muyenera kusuntha, ndiye izo kubisa zina zolakwika zonse ndi mbali zoipa anamuona pa zinthu ziliri mu dziko lathu.