Malthusian chiphunzitso mwachidule. Malthus ndi chiphunzitso chakuti chiwerengero cha anthu

Thomas R. Malthus anali woimira chakale sukulu zachuma zaka 18-19th. ntchito yake yaikulu zinasindikizidwa mu 1798 ndi 1820. Malthus ndi wake "chiphunzitso anthu anapangidwa" kukhala chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi.

yonena

Malthus anabadwa mu 1766, pa 14 February. Bambo ake anali munthu wochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Ankakonda sayansi, ankagwirizana kucheza ndi Hume ndi Rousseau. Mu 1788-mamita maphunziro Malthus Yesu College, Cambridge University. Malinga ndi mwambo, monga mwana wamng'ono, iye amayenera kuyamba ntchito wauzimu. Nditamaliza maphunziro a kukoleji Malthus ndinadzozedwa. Mu 1793 iye analandira digiri ya zamulungu. Kuyambira 1797 mpaka 1803, Malthus anali wamsembe mu umodzi wa Surrey maparishi. Komabe, achinyamata wake chidwi kwambiri ndi sayansi. Choncho, pamene Malthus anayamba kuwaphunzitsa. nthawi zake zonse kwaulere chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku wa mavuto ubale wa zochitika zachuma ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Mu 1805 iye anavomera kuchita pulofesa mu dipatimenti ya mbiri ya makono ndi chuma ndale za College wa East India Company. Pano, iye ankagwira ntchito ngati wansembe.

Malthusian chiphunzitso (mwachidule)

Chasandulika ntchito yaikulu ya moyo wake. Baibulo loyambirira linasindikizidwa mosadziwika mu 1798. Malthus ndi chiphunzitso chakuti chiwerengero cha anthu anachititsa kuukira pamene ambiri. Ndi pansi kwachititsa chakuti kuyambira 1799 mpaka 1802 iye poyamba anapita ku mayiko ena a ku Ulaya. Pamaulendo, iye adziŵe, deta zowerengera. Zonse mwa nkhani ankagwiritsa ntchito iwo kusintha ntchito zawo. Pambuyo pa ulendo mu 1803-mamita ali kale pansi pa dzina lake anafalitsa magazini atsopano a buku wodzilemekeza. ntchito wotsatira akhala kwambiri kukodzedwa ndi kusinthidwa. chiphunzitso Malthusian Mwachidule, wakhala lonena lalikulu zikuphatikizapo maulendo mbiri, ndi kusanthula kuweruza ntchito za olemba ena.

Limatchula za kukonzekera

Mu Baibulo loyambirira la chiphunzitso Malthus wa anthu mwachidule nkhani yolembedwa ake pa za zaziwerengero wa mayiko. Komabe, mu yokonza nkhaniyo wolemba sanali kudziwika ngakhale deta yosavuta zowerengera, osati maiko ena, koma Britain lokha. Mwachitsanzo, iye ankakhulupirira kuti chiwerengero cha anthu British - anthu okwana 7 miliyoni. Kalembera amachitika 1801-m, kuchuluka izi oposa 11 miliyoni. Mu Baibulo lachiwiri anali n'komwe osati analandira zambiri zowerengera, komanso mpingo deta mlandu. Komanso, zamoyo Malthusian wakhala wodzilemekeza ndi nkhani ochokera m'mayiko ena. 6 Mabaibulo anamasulidwa pa moyo wake. Nthawi iliyonse chiphunzitso Malthusian anatuluka onse lalikulu zedi.

Nature ndi kuwonjezeka lendi dziko

Iyi ndi ntchito ina yaikulu, amene analenga Malthus. Inasindikizidwa mu 1815. Mu pepala ili, wolemba lagona pa chilengedwe cha ndalama kuchokera m'dziko, anayesa kuvumbulutsa zachisinsi ca asilikali a mapangidwe ake ndi kuwonjezeka, kulungamitsa kufunika chidang'ambika kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okwana kupelekedwa ndi Company. Koma maweruzo ake zomaliza patapita nthawi. Mu 1820 anafalitsa ntchito yake yachiwiri yofunika imene chiphunzitso chuma Malthus chinalembedwa.

Akamanena za chiphunzitso cha mu 1798

Thomas Malthus ndi chiphunzitso chake cha cholinga koyamba ndi kusintha moyo wa munthu. Mu pepala lake, wolemba amagwiritsa zosiyanasiyana siyana zimene limaphunzitsa. Mu ntchito yake osati chuma chokha, komanso lachilengedwe nzeru zaumunthu, sociological, zokongoletsa ndi mfundo achipembedzo. Mu ntchito yake ankaona vuto zaziwerengero kaya chitukuko aliyense chikhalidwe ambiri. Population chiphunzitso T. Malthus anasonyeza lamulo Wamuyaya, wosasintha, masoka ndi mosalephera zachilengedwe. Mlembi ananena kuti chiwerengero cha anthu kumawonjezera mu geometrical, n'zodalirika mu kupitirira ndi masamu. Malinga ndi anthu a T. Malthus, zaka ziwiri kenako, chiŵerengero pakati pa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chuma adzakhala 256: 9, ndipo pambuyo atatu - 4096: 13. Pa zaka 2000, kusiyana siyana idzakhala ndipo amatichititsa chosaneneka. Chiphunzitsochi T. Malthus kenako adzatchedwa lamulo la kubereka kuchepekela nthaka. Anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero cha anthu a dzikoli, malinga ndi wolemba, adzakhala ofanana ndi mtengo wa dziko anakana ndi theka. Anthu ambiri, chindichepere zotsalira za dziko nakulitsa pa munthu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali chizolowezi backlog kukuza kuchuluka kwa chuma chakudya ndi kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu pa dziko. chiphunzitso Malthusian sayesedwa wolungama mwa mfundo iliyonse weniweni. Author chimadza kokha kuchokera ku mfundo osati ndi umboni wodalirika, ndi umboni umene ulipo mu njira iliyonse yaikulu othandiza kufunika.

nkhondo

chiphunzitso Malthus Komabe, lili zoona. Koma osati cholakwika maganizo ake, koma m'malo mwake, amalankhula za chinyengo yake yasayansi. wolemba akutchula mawunikidwe wake pa anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero cha anthu a North America mu zaka twente faifi. Iye akukhulupirira kuti mfundo imeneyi chinatsimikizira kopanda kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu kupitilira zojambula. Komano, monga woganiza Iye anati kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu zimachokeradi momasuka. Mlembi ananena kuti nkhani yolembedwa zokhudza anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri udzachitika. N'zosavuta kuwerengetsa kuti pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana kwa zaka chikwi chimodzi, chiwerengero cha anthu amaimirira nthawi 240. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati mu 1001 BC. e. anakhala anthu 2, ndiye mu 2001 adzakhala 2 × 1012 (kapena $ 2 thililiyoni anthu.). ndalamazo ndi pafupifupi 300 zina zing'onozing'ono kuposa phindu lenileni lero.

Mavuto zosiyana

Kubalana mu kupitirira zojambula mwina malinga ndi wolemba, kokha akamaziwononga yeniyeni. Kunena zoona, munthu nthawi zonse anakumana ndi mitundu yonse ya mavuto. Izi Malthus amataya mavuto otsatirawa:

1. Moral zithetsedwe. wolemba akukhulupirira kuti udindo wa munthu aliyense kwagona kuti pamaso panu amakwatira, m'pofunika kukwaniritsa boma chimene mudzatha kuonetsetsa n'zodalirika ana awo. Pamodzi ndi khalidwe limeneli banja ayenera kusunga mphamvu yake kukhala mphamvu ndi n'kudzuka munthu osakwatira kudzipereka zovuta kukwaniritsa mlingo Napempha kwa chuma.
2. Makhalidwe. Izi Malthus zimachitika mogwirizana oyenerera, chiwerewere, ndi kunyoza bedi banja, zidule zosiyanasiyana Atengedwa kubisa ndi maulalo wokhotakhota.
3. Wosasangalala. Iwo ankakhulupirira wolemba njala, nkhondo, mliri, mliri, osiyanasiyana mopitirira muyeso, zakudya m'thupi ana, amaika, khama, ntchito woopsawo ndi zina zotero.

Izo ziyenera Komabe, tinganene kuti anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero cha malo kwenikweni anatengedwa pa siteji zina za chitukuko cha dziko. Koma izo zinachitika chifukwa cha kusamuka, osati kukula achilengedwe.

anthu umphawi

Malinga ndi mfundo za Malthus, zimayambitsa chachikulu cha umphawi si mavuto a gulu chikhalidwe anthu. Osauka alibe ufulu kufuna kanthu kwa olemera. Malinga ndi wolemba, yotsirizira ngati tilibe kulephera choyamba. chiphunzitso Malthus umphawi zachokera chakuti umphawi Pamlingo yaing'ono kapena ayi konse amadalira mawonekedwe a boma kapena kugawa wosiyana chuma. Olemera sangathe kupulumutsa chakudya kwa anthu aumphawi, ndipo ntchito. Pa nkhani imeneyi, osauka, Ndipotu zinthu zosayenera kuwauza kuti apatsidwe chakudya kapena zinthu. Choncho, malinga ndi chiphunzitso anthu Malthus, zimayambitsa chachikulu cha umphawi ndi malamulo mosalephera zachilengedwe.

kusankhidwa lingaliro

Limavumbula yokha mu kulingalira kwambiri za wolemba. chiphunzitso Malthusian lolunjika pa ziwalo za kalasi kulimbana antchito, umboni wa n'zachabechabe ndipo umboni amanena kuti proletariat zimapangitsa bourgeoisie. wolemba makamaka nkhawa oyamba ndi kufalitsa malingaliro ake pakati pa anthu osauka adzakhala ndi amadza yabwino pa misa ntchito, zomwe, ndithudi, izo zinali bwino m'kalasi olamulira. Malthus akha- kumana nthaka kulimba kwa proletariat lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye monyoza ndi zoonekera anatsutsa chilango cha amafuna chiyambidwe cha chilungamo chofunika kwambiri pa ufulu ogwira ntchito. wolemba kuika patsogolo pa amanena kuti proletariat yokha amachititsa linalephera. proletariat awo umphawi zikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi okha kuchepetsa mlingo kubadwa. Njira kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ankaona makhalidwe zithetsedwe, zisoni kupewa mabanja omvetsa chisoni, yotopetsa ntchito, matenda, nkhondo, miliri, njala. Iye anaona kuti imeneyi yekha njira zotetezera ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti awononge "amuna superfluous".

Chiphunzitso cha "lachitatu maphwando" Malthus

wolemba anatumikira monga mdani categorical ndi maganizo mtengo wa Ricardo. Malthus adati chitukuko wotsatira chiphunzitso ntchito kungachititse kuti padzuwa la mavuto a bizinesi. Komanso ndi maganizo Ricardo, iye anapeza chikhalidwe parasitic la ndalama kuchokera kudziko. Iye anati m'pofunika kuti alemere a mtunduwu, dziko ndi patsogolo mphamvu zipatso anapezeka nambala inayake ya "lachitatu maphwando" - sanali kuchita ogula. Mwa iwo, mu maganizo ake, amazigulitsa gawo la kupanga gawo la phindu capitalists lapansi. Choncho vuto la yogawa ndalama adzathetsedwa.

zotsatira

Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo buku la chiphunzitso Malthus 'la kubalana yakhala nkhani ya mtsutso akuluakulu a boma, akatswiri ndi kugona anthu bwalo. Mu otsatira Kuwonjezera zosiyana, ndipo zinthu zinali adani. Anthu ena otsutsa patsogolo mfundo zokwanira kapena zaphindu. Malthus pa ntchito ina ukutchulidwa akatswiri ochokera minda osiyanasiyana sayansi. ntchito yake anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chitukuko cha mfundo Darwin.

kutsutsa Marxist

oimira sukulu chakale kuti anamasulira mbali reactionary chiphunzitso anthu. Marx anasonyeza kuti akamanena za mfundo zachokera m'malo malamulo achindunji umoyo ndi zachuma a bizinesi "wosatha ndi wosasintha" postulates achilengedwe. Marx anasonyeza kuti chiphunzitso cha anthu si nthawi zonse. Pakuti aliyense mapangidwe chikhalidwe eni malamulo makamaka ndi chibadidwe. Mtheradi kuchulukana si ndi sindingakhoze. kuchuluka kwa anthu - chodabwitsa wachibale. Iwo amachita ngati mbali yeniyeni dongosolo capitalist, akuwuka mchikakamizo cha chilamulo cha kudzikundikira. Ndi ichi, osati malamulo a chilengedwe chifukwa umphawi wa proletariat lapansi. Waukulu "mkangano" Malthus wagwiritsa ntchito malamulo sikugwirizana ndi sayansi ya kuchepetsa akadzabweranso. Marxists kuti anatsutsa mwamphamvu lingaliro ili. Iwo ankanena kuti woyambitsa ndi mbali zake kuganizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu lapansi ndi patsogolo sayansi. Lenin kumatsutsa chiphunzitso, kuti palibe vuto ambiri kupeza chakudya ndi chakudya vuto yekha kwa kalasi makamaka kwa anthu - ndi proletariat. movutikira Izi anatsimikiza ndi capitalist yeniyeni, osati malamulo a chilengedwe.

maganizo Mises

Wolembayu anatsindika chikoka cha mfundo Malthus ya chiphunzitso liberalism. Mises ankakhulupirira kuti mungathe kuchita ngati chiphunzitso chikhalidwe cha liberalism. Pamene pachimake pa mfundo imeneyi, iye chiphunzitso cha gulu la ntchito. Only pamene ubwenzi wabwino ndi mfundo zimatere kumasulira zinthu zinalili pa chiphunzitso Malthusian. Society zikuoneka ngati mgwirizano wa anthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe aliko. Ndipotu anthu - loletsa pa kupulula mangawawo. M'dziko, m'malo kumenyana ntchito mangawawo. Ndipamene chowakonda chachikulu khalidwe la anthu ake. Mwa anthu a pasakhale kulimbana, pali dziko lino. atasemphana aliyense analandira m'mbuyo mgwirizano chikhalidwe. Mises amapereka kufotokoza mfundo za Malthus. Iye ananena kuti umwini patokha njira yopanga - mfundo regulative. Limatipatsa bwino pakati ambiri ogula ndipo kumachepetsa chuma. Mfundo imeneyi ndipamene ubale wa wina ndi kuumba munthu chochokera zachuma amene akudikira pa chinthu ntchito ndi chuma. Mawu izo amapeza kuchepetsa mlingo kubadwa mchikakamizo cha anthu, Kupha mamembala superfluous la anthu, ndi kufanizira ndi masamba kapena nyama dziko. Ntchito ya anthu a kulimbana kuli chitakwaniritsidwa "chopinga makhalidwe kuchepetsa ana."

lingaliro chitetezo

Mises, mwa zina, akana choneneza atapereka ndi Malthus nkhanza ndi misanthropy. wolemba anachenjeza owerenga ndi molakwika. Iye ananena kuti anthu sipangakhale yolimbirana kupulumuka. Mises ankakhulupirira kuti kuchita woipitsitsawu mfundo zochokera mfundo za Malthus - kulakwitsa kochuluka. Iye anati: ziganizo kuchotsedwa nkhani ndi ntchito molakwa, chifukwa osakwanira ndi chosakwanira ntchito ya Baibulo loyambirira. kope choyambirira linasindikizidwa usanakhale anapanga lingaliro la chuma chakale ndale.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo

Ngakhale kulephera wonse wa sayansi ya anthu, anali kupambana kwakukulu mu mabwalo bourgeois. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti zokhumba kalasi ya anthu nakhuta kwambiri ndi maganizo. Kwakukulukulu oopsa a chiphunzitso cha limati pa nthawi ino. kufalitsa yogwira Neo-Malthusianism mfundo kutanthauzira osiyana anachititsa kuwonjezeka mofulumira anthu (makamaka m'mayiko osauka). Vuto limeneli limodzi ndi aggravation cha mavuto a zachilengedwe, kusiyana kukula mu mlingo wa patsogolo pakati pa mayiko.

club wa Rome

Ndi bungwe omwe si aboma mlingo lonse. Iye analumikizana ndi Chikhalidwe chathu, ndale ndi sayansi kanjedza zosiyanasiyana m'mayiko dziko. The Club wa Rome waika patsogolo pa nkhani yolembedwa kuti mu zaka za m'ma 20, anthu anafika kwakukulu kwambiri malire kukula mu malo ochepa. Izi inali kuperekedwa mu lipoti loyamba mu 1972. Mu 1974, mmodzi wa zitsanzo kuthetseratu mavuto padziko lonse wasonyeza mfundo kukonza dongosolo lonse mu zochepa kukula ndege. Yotsirizira amatanthauza ndondomeko ya structural zosiyanasiyana, zomwe n'zosiyana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka mwangwiro kachulukidwe mu undifferentiated. Olemba ntchito mfundo imeneyi, poyerekezera ndi kukula kwa dongosolo lonse ndi ofanana ndi chitukuko cha chamoyo ndi, imene zolemba ndi specialization a zinthu zosiyana, ndi magwiridwe kudalira onse awiri. Kufunika ntchito njira zimenezi, monga gulu, chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mavutowo. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka monga zaziwerengero, zipangizo, mphamvu, chakudya, kuteteza chilengedwe komanso mavuto ena.

Pomaliza

Ngati nagonjetsa m'ma lotsatira kwapakati akukonzekera kufala pafupifupi anthu onse a dzikoli, ndipo ngati ndi chiletso angapezeke pa msinkhu wa ana 2.2-2.5 pa banja, pali zifukwa amakhulupirira kuti zaka za m'ma 21, chiwerengero cha anthu padziko Lapansi ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu biliyoni 11-12. Monga prerequisites zofunika kwambiri yothetsera mavuto a lamulo la kuchuluka kwa anthu a anthu wauzimu ndi chikhalidwe kusintha kwambiri, kuukitsa chikhalidwe ndi chuma, kakhalidwe ka moyo wa anthu pa dziko. Pankhaniyi, osati kukhala ndi funso kulamulira mokakamizidwa kubadwa, monga mwa chiphunzitso patsogolo ndi Malthus. Akamanena za vuto-kuthetsa ndi Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa angapo zochita mwadala. Only kudzera njira ngati m'mayiko ena ndi zigawo kuwonjezeka chiwerengero cha anthu ayenera inapita patsogolo, ndi ena - kuyamba pang'onopang'ono. Malinga ndi chilengedwe kuyesetsa kufunika kwa cholinga, chikumbumtima kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu inafunika thandizo Neo-Malthusian lingaliro. Ubwenzi Mfundo ndi amgwirizano. ntchito Malthus kuikidwa maziko kusintha kwinanso kwa mumaganiza za zaziwerengero mu sayansi ya vuto la zachuma.