Population ndi njira zowerengera kafukufuku. Kuti sayansi ya njira anthu-zowerengera?

Dongosolo la cholowa cha makhalidwe osiyana mu thupi ikufotokoza ya nthambi ya zamoyo - chibadwa anthu. Izo ndi yogwirizana Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi, mankhwala, malo ndipo lapangidwa kuti kuthetsa mavuto a kudziwika ndi matenda oyambirira pathologies, chifukwa aberrations mu dziwe jini a anthu anthu - chromosomal, majini ndi masinthidwe kutengera mapangidwe. Population ndi njira zowerengera ndi imodzi mwa mawonekedwe ambiri kutsimikiziridwa wa kudziwika ndi ulosi wa syndromes - matenda otengera anthu, kuliphunzira ndipo adzakhala odzipereka kwa nkhaniyi.

Features njira ntchito

Chibadwa Medical m'zochita zake agwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana anthu zida khromozomu kafukufuku, kujambula deta ya sayansi yeniyeni, ziwerengero ndi mankhwala kuchipatala. Sichangozi maziko ongolankhula wa chibadwa anthu ndi malamulo ake anakonza mothandizidwa ndi kusanthula masamu. Population-zowerengera njira ntchito osati kudziwa kuvutika chibadwa, komanso kudziwa pafupipafupi yatsoka imene imachititsa kusunga matenda amenewa ngati akufuna homozygous recessive, ndipo (ambiri), heterozygous kuwonetsera mawonekedwe phenotypic.

Lingaliro la anthu

Kukhazikitsa chito masamu wa kufalitsa makhalidwe amene chawo dziwe jini, chibadwa agwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya anthu anthu. Kodi amagwiritsa kwambiri kufunika ndi sayansi yamakono kuliphunzira? Kodi zitatu zofunika:

1. Population-zowerengera njira.

2. mibadwo.

3. Didimo.

Pansi dziwe jini kumvetsa genotypes wa anthu onse okhala mu malo anapatsidwa. Izi zikhoza kukhala anthu a dziko lonse, ndi mtundu kapena gulu anthu amene amakhala zokwanira kwayekha Mwachitsanzo, anthu a m'mudzi anasowa kumapiri a Afghanistan kapena fuko mu Amazon nkhalango.

The mapangidwe genotypic ya anthu akulowa ya chibadwa yonse ndi zizindikiro kunja anthu ake. Population ndi njira zowerengera kafukufuku ntchito kuphunzira kuvutika onse ayi ndipo okhawo amene ali osiyana mibadwo mawonekedwe kudzionetsera.

Gulu loyamba limapezeka chifukwa cha situational teratogens. Gulu linalo zikuphatikizapo yaikulu mndandanda wa anomalies, amene mwadongosolo opezeka mu makamaka banja, mtundu, fuko, kwa nthawi mokwanira yaitali. Mwachitsanzo, polydactyly, khungu, amapatsira mwana wake. Kuphunzira njira za kufala kwa pathological makhalidwe cholowa kulamulira matenda amenewa populjatsionno ntchito njira zowerengera.

Zinthu zokhudza maonekedwe a matenda ndi kutengera za kumtundu

Medicine multifactorial chikhalidwe anatsimikizira (onse majini ndi chilengedwe) pathologies kuti zimapezeka mu chiwerengero cha mibadwo ingapo anthu. Majini kusanthula za matenda oopsa, mtundu Ine shuga, mphumu, misala ndi matenda ena ndi kutengera za kumtundu amafuna kuphunzira zikwi pedigrees.

Nthaŵi iliyonse populjatsionno chibadwa zowerengera njira amatha kudziwa mlingo wa zochita gulu anthu zotsatira za zinthu zachilengedwe (cheza microelement zikuchokera kumwa madzi, nyengo) ndi kuona momwe majini ambiri limanenedwa.

Kodi matenda kugwirizana ndi heterogeneity majini a anthu

Kodi zotsatira amapereka kusanthula poyerekeza a magulu osiyanasiyana tikukhala mu zikhalidwe zomwezo zachilengedwe? Amasiyana poyankha m'mizinda ofanana zinthu abiotic umboni wa heterogeneity awo majini.

Chipatala, banja ndi anthu zowerengera njira sayansi anthu asonyeza kuti mlingo wa chiwonetsero cha matenda m'mabanja angafanane ndi pafupipafupi ake yatsoka ndi anthu. Iwo ntchito mu kuphunzira majini chingawapangitse kukhala zidakwa misempha, chifuwa, komanso maphunziro matenda alionse anakhudzidwa ndi matenda multifactorial: angapo sclerosis, Alzheimer, satha kulankhula bwinobwino.

Masamu kulungamitsidwa ya cholowa

Musanawerenge ndi chibadwa makamaka a anthu anthu, timaphunzira chimango ake ongolankhula kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a lamulo la masamu. Kwenikweni ake ali motere: The pafupipafupi genotypes malinga ndi aliyense wa chibadwa kuchita masamu ntchito aone kuti pali ndalama lalikulu la manambala awiri. Komabe, anthu uyu ayenera kukhala mokwanira lalikulu, izo sizingakhale majini kulowerera ndi kusankha zamoyo asilikali ndi mating zimachitika zokha.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira anthu-zowerengera akuphunzira chibadwa anthu ndi zotsatira za kuzipenya matenda, n'zotheka kulosera pafupipafupi phenotypic mawu a majini zosalongosoka, ndi mosavuta ndi mwana ndi kudwala a.

Kodi kuwerengera Mwina matenda

Pano pali chitsanzo cha cholowa cha phenylketonuria - matenda chibadwa, ozikidwa pa kugawana kuphwanya zofunika kwa amino asidi phenylalanine. Mu anthu nzika European nthenda jini yatsoka pafupipafupi f ndi 1: 10,000 odwala ndi homozygous recessive genotype sizinathandize.

Pogwiritsa ntchito maluso anthu-zowerengera njira, ndi masamu, ndi zotheka pafupipafupi jini nthenda. Ndi wofanana 0.01. Ndiye Mwina khalidwe m'kukoma fenotayipi, ndi 0,99. Choncho, onyamula losokonekera recessive, wokhala genotype FF, zimapanga 0,02. Ndiko anthu ili pafupifupi 2% ya anthu akukhala genotype awo recessive jini kwa phenylketonuria.

Pamene ife tikuwona, njira anthu-zowerengera ntchito kuwerengera pafupipafupi panmictic anthu majini udindo mawu a pathologies cholowa.

Features a anthu anthu

Zamoyo wa chitukuko anthu, n'kupanga taxon zamoyo zikhoza ankayimiridwa ngati chitukuko cha madera munthu, ndi nthawi yaitali kukhala mu malo chofanana. Zikuphatikizapo ofanana magawo climatogeographic, njira imodzi kudya, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda wamba.

Zonsezi zinathandiza kuti kuphatikiza mu dziwe jini a anthu a magulu a alleles zachilendo ndipo awiriawiri mu magawo oyambirira anthropogenesis maziko a zochita za mitundu cholowa cha kusintha ndi kusankha zamoyo.

Kuti sayansi ya anthu ndi njira zowerengera tsopano? Choyamba, ndi mphamvu pa matupi a anthu amakakamizidwa kudzipatula mabanja yogwirizana, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Adamka kwa dziwe jini ya anthu olemedwa ndi chibadwa nthenda ndipo zinapangitsa kuti chilengedwe cha wazachipatala-majini amalumikizana lonse cholinga kudziwa kutengera za kumtundu ku chiwonetsero cha matenda osiyanasiyana.