The Iron Lady ndale British, Margaret Thatcher: yonena, ntchito ndale ndi chidwi mfundo

Margaret Thatcher - mmodzi wa andale wotchuka wa m'zaka za m'ma XX. ntchito yake nduna yaikulu ya Great Britain anapita 3 imeneyo totaled zaka 11. Iyo inali nthawi yovuta - pamene dziko linali mu sagwirizana ndi anthu onse maka- England amatchedwa "munthu wodwala Europe." Margaret anali kukonzanso kutchuka wake wakale wa Albion ndi kuonetsetsa ukulu wa mphamvu mu mtima wa osafuna kusintha.

"Thatcherism" ndale

Mawu amenewa amanena za unsembe, amene anali yodziwika ndi Margaret Thatcher M'zikhulupiriro, makhalidwe ndi ndale. Awo anali nduna yaikulu pamene iye anali kuyesera kuchita.

khalidwe Aika angatchedwe "lamanja la lochitira." wandale ananena kuti munthu akhoza kusuntha kwa chinthu chabwino kuposa lili pa mphindi. Thatcher kulimbikitsa ufulu bizinesi komanso kanthu kuti apeze phindu. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo anadzudzula "kumulakalaka ndalama ndalama."

Pakuti "Thatcherism" kufanana - ndi ngatimadzi. chabwino A kuti lochitira Zikatero, amakankhira munthu kuti ayime, kuwongolera okha ndi kuwongolera miyoyo yawo. Ndicho chifukwa iye sikanamutsutse chuma, koma m'malo mwake, analimbikitsa nzika zonse kuyesetsa kuwonjezera izo kuti tiyambe zina mlingo wa moyo.

ubwana

Margaret Thatcher (Roberts) anabadwa mu 1925 pa October 13 Granteme, pafupi London m'njira kumpoto. banja lake ankakhala modzichepetsa, ndi palibe frills, tikhoza kunena njira wokonda moyo wodzimana moyo wa anthu a Ulaya. nyumba panalibe madzi, zipangizo, nayenso, anali pa msewu. Banja anali ndi ana aakazi awiri Muriel - wamkulu, ndi Margaret - pansi kwa zaka 4.

The padziko wamkulu anali ngati mayi - Beatrice, wamng'ono anali kope enieni a bambo Alfred a. Iye linachita kuti ankakonda wake, kotero kuyambira makolo ubwana anayamba katemera ake makhalidwe onse m'tsogolo wamkulu kuti anathandiza kwambiri ndipo inasanduka chizindikiro cha nthawi ya conservatism ku Britain XX atumwi.

Mu zaka 5, Margaret anayamba kuphunzira limba, ndipo anapambana ndakatulo mpikisano ngakhale patapita zaka 4. Pa awarding olemekezeka Margaret anati kuti iye anali mwayi kwambiri, umene iye anayankha kuti: "Si mwayi, ndi malo wopambana." Kuyambira ali mwana ankakonda kukangana, kotero anali membala kwamuyaya kwa zokambirana club ndi mafunso mu zaka zoyambirira za mayankho udindo wonse watanthauzo, mosiyana ndi anzawo, "chepetsa" ena interjections.

Atate - abwino Margaret

Alfred nawo maphunziro a pulayimale, koma ankasiyana ludzu zinthu zatsopano chifukwa sanali kukhala tsiku popanda kuwerenga. khalidwe limeneli iye anaika ndi mwana wake wamkazi. Limodzi ku laibulale kutenga sabata mabuku awiri ndi cholinga alternately kuwerenga iwo.

bambo amene anabzala yaing'ono Margaret khalidwe losiyana onse. Ankamuphunzitsa kuti munthu ayenera "kukhala 'koma" lotengeka ". Pakuti ichi kunali koyenera kuti ntchito tsiku lililonse, kuganizira za m'tsogolo ndiponso za malo awo mmadera. Alfred mobwerezabwereza nthawi zambiri: si koyenera kuchita chifukwa zimenezi mpumulo.

Atate anali abwino kwa iye, Margaret pang'ono ankaganiza kuti iye ankadziwa chirichonse. Mbali khalidwe la zinali ludzu chidziwitso. Iye anali ndi ludzu chachilendo zambiri. Margaret ndi bambo ake anapita ku msonkhano bolodi, kukhala kukoma kwa ndale, theatricality komanso momveka bwino. Ndiye iye anali ndi zaka 10.

Margaret Thatcher anakumbukira kwa zaka malangizo a bambo wake, napita nawo pamoyo wathu. Zinali iye amene adalowa ndi kamwanako maziko amene lero dziko lonse limati ndi "Thatcherism" capacious yaitali.

maphunziro Round Thatcher

Kukula, Margaret anakhalabe monga ndiwofatsa monga ana aang'ono. Chifukwa cha ichi anali maganizo pa moyo wa bambo ake okondedwa. Iye ankhaimilira Chiprotestanti ndi mavuto zotsatira kusiya kukhala wamalonda, grocer. Iye sanapite konse ku zovina kapena maganizo a mafilimu, koma posakhalitsa anayamba kugwira ntchito pa banja sitolo katundu Roberts, kumene anadziwa ndizosowa malonda ndi phindu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo wasonyeza kudzipereka - zaka 4 anaphunzira Latin, yopemphera kwa koleji akazi otchuka mu Oxford - Somerville. mnansi iye mu chipinda anakumbukira kuti Margaret anadzuka pamene kucha ndi kuyesera kuti ndiphunzire. Njira yachiwiri kunali kovuta: anagwa mchikondi ndi mwana wa kuwerenga anthu koma mayi ake mwankhanza anakana Man, kuti mwana wa grocer chabe sangafanane ndi mwana wake.

Kutchuka mtsikana koposa kudziwa kuti moyo wake kuwina ndondomeko. Margaret Thatcher anali wakhama mu mtsutso pa ndale ndi pa zaka analoŵa Association of osafuna kusintha, ndipo anakhala pulezidenti chake choyamba, mkazi mu 1946.

Mu 1947, anamaliza maphunziro ku Oxford koleji ndi digiri awarding umagwirira ndi yoyamba. Pomwepo anapeza ntchito kafukufuku-kafukufuku yokhuthala mapulasitiki mu Menningtone.

Mu 1953, iye analandira malamulo digirii ndi zaka 5, katswiri mu kuchita, popeza ntchito kwa loya. Patapita kanthawi iye anayamba katswiri mu munda wa misonkho, popeza anaphunzira ntchito imeneyi mwangwiro.

Choncho, mapangidwe ndondomeko tsogolo kunapezeka ndithu mosalekeza: adazindikira ndizosowa kumanga bizinesi, anali katswiri wa nkhani pa malamulo ndi misonkho, kuwonjezera, ndi wodziwa bwino za mu ndondomeko ya sayansi, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, kusintha kwa Margaret Thatcher anasunga ngakhale mu masiku awo, pamene panali akadali kutali ku malo a nduna yaikulu.

kuwonekera koyamba kugulu andale

Oddly zokwanira, koma pakutha pa sukulu, Margaret anadziwa kumene kupitiriza maphunziro awo - mu Oxford. N'chifukwa chiyani kumeneko? Chifukwa sukuluyi aphunzira tsogolo atumiki onse UK. Kumeneko, iye sanataye nthawi pachabe, kugwirizana KAOU - ndiwofatsa Association ku Oxford University. Popeza ndiye anayamba kukwera kwake kwa Olympus ndale.

Ngakhale ndiye iye anali nacho chikhumbo kuti athawe kwa thupi munda-nthumwi, koma kuchita chotero izo zinali choyamba koyenera kukhala pulezidenti KAOU. Ndipo Thatcher anakhala iwo mu 1946. udindo umenewu wakhala nthawi yambiri kwambiri, iye anagona kwa maola 3-4 tsiku. nthawi inafika pamene iye anayenera kusankha pakati pa ndale ndi maphunziro - anasankha kale. Choncho, n'zosadabwitsa kuti Margaret Thatcher, mwana wasukulu kale ndi wophunzira wabwino kwambiri, dipuloma monga "zogwira mtima", ndi digiri yoyamba, iye anali kupereka kalasi 2.

Denis Thatcher - kofunikira kuti ndale

Mu 1948, candidacy Margaret anali kulandila nawo chisankho aphungu Komabe, Labor Party, amene mbiri chinayambira ku Dartford. Kwa. Mzindawu ndi mafakitale. Choncho kusankha yoyamba atayike, koma ngakhale zambiri anauziridwa ndi mkazi zochita mwanzeru.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, anakumana Denis Thatcher (ndi dzina mwamuna wake amadziwika pa dziko lonse lapansi). Mu 1951, iye ankafuna kuti iye. Munthuyo anali ndi zaka 33, ndipo iye anali wokulirapo kuposa iye. Denis anali wamalonda, ndipo n'chifukwa chake anatha kupereka mkazi wamng'ono ndi zonse muyenera. Tsopano iye akanakhoza anadzipereka kwathunthu kwa ndale, ndi kukonza Margaret Tetcher (UK iwo zoipa anafunikiradi panthaŵi) anali ndi pakati kwa nthawi yaitali.

1953 anakhala iye "woyera" moyo. Banjalo Thatcher anabereka mapasa, ndipo Patadutsa miyezi inayi, Margaret anapambana kulemba mayeso omaliza nakhala wazamalamulo. Okhazikika mu mchitidwe anasankha dera msonkho, popeza kuliphunzira bwinobwino, mfundo zimene zili zothandiza kwambiri m'tsogolo.

Kufotokoza mutu ayenera kuti Dennis zatenganso mbali yaikulu mu kukula ndale Margaret. Iwo anali atakwatirana, iye akhoza kwathunthu kwa utakhala wake ndiwotani - ndale.

Road yamalamulo

Cha m'ma 1950 Margaret ndi mphamvu zatsopano anayamba kugwira ntchito chisankho aphungu. Zovuta kwambiri kupeza County, amene sakhoza kuyima ngati phungu. Iye anayamba ndi Kent, koma anali wachiwiri kuti adatsekedwa msewu yamalamulo. Mu chigawo china cha chomwecho County zinthu zomwezi. Pa nthawi yomweyo zoopsa Finchley zinachitika phungu kuthamanga kwa yamalamulo. Ntchito wayamba! Ophunzira pa malo anali anthu 200. kulemba mpikisano zinachititsa ophunzira 22 anasankhidwa kunachitidwa. Pamenepo anakhala du kufotokoza m'kamwa, kenako pali ofuna 4 okha, amene anali Margaret Thatcher. Iye anasankhidwa kukhala phungu wa chigawo, kutanthauza chisankho kuti ake enieni yamalamulo.

Mu 1959, iye anafika ku British yamalamulo - njira ndale linatsegulidwa. nthawi imeneyo anali akumane kwambiri osafuna kusintha anayamba Kuvuta mu chuma, nduna Macmillan anadwala anatsanzika. Chisanko aphungu mu 1964, "pansi" pa benchi chitsutso ndiwofatsa. Koma iye anali Margaret m'chaka chomwecho anaikidwa M'munsi Minister pa Nyumba.

mtsogoleri chipani

zaka 70 anavutika chuma ndi zinthu mkati mu UK. Mu nthawi unawonongedwa dziko anayamba abwerere ku chitukuko ndi sali m'gulu ngakhale atsogoleri pamwamba khumi, ngakhale wakhala pa kutsogolo.

Mu 1974, funso anaukitsidwa za kusankha mutu wa osafuna kusintha lapansi. Margaret Thatcher atapereka candidacy ake akhale odana ndi mtsogoleri panopa E. Heath. Chisankho tasiya naye mantha: 276 - 130 mavoti anaponyedwa mokomera Thatcher 19 okha Heath Kenako anachoka candidacy wake. Koma m'malo Margaret anali Otsutsa latsopano. The aakulu kwambiri umene unali Whitelaw. The kubwera kwachiwiri chisankho pa 02.11.1975 izi zikusonyeza mwayi undoubted Thatcher unachitikira: pakuti anakuvoterani 146 osankhidwa oimira, Whitelaw ndinalandira 79 mavoti.

Iyo inali nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa osafuna kusintha, iwo kawiri anagonjetsa chisankho aphungu, chiwerengero cha mamembala a chipani waponya zikuchepa, anadza mavuto chipani. Zinaonekeratu: chipani anafunika "magazi atsopano." Ndipo Thatcher monga munthu, kupirira ntchito yovuta.

Lamulo Iron Lady Margaret Tetcher British

Iye poyamba anakhala nduna yaikulu mu 1979. Anthu anali zovuta kusankha: anatha kwambiri palibe amene anali wotsimikiza za kupambana kwa osafuna kusintha, koma manambalawo lomaliza linasonyeza kuti 339 mwa mipando 635 mu yamalamulo amawatumiza osafuna kusintha lapansi. Margaret ankadziwa kuti tsopano mungathe kuzindikira maganizo aswa mutu wake kwa chaka kuposa. Mu moyo andale a Great Britain analowa m'nyengo yatsopano.

Nthawi nduna yaikulu Margaret Thatcher anali yomangika kwambiri: anayamba mavuto azachuma ndi chikhalidwe mu dziko. UK gawo la makampani mu chuma dziko wagwa ndi kotala kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Mabizinezi anataya katundu, achepetsa malipiro. Ndipo amalonda kuumirizidwa kuchepetsa amasokoneza kuti kuchepetsa ndalama. The mavuto azachuma wayamba kale kukhala mu ndale, kuwonjezera dziko kuchokera mkati.

Ouma dzanja ndi a authoritarian ulamuliro wa Margaret Thatcher anathandiza UK ndi kuzungulira anthu British wolawako chigonjetso ndi kubweretsa boma.

Margaret anali nthawi zonse m'mbali ndi olimba nkhani zokhudza paliponse. Iye mwaukali anamenyana ndi mabungwe malonda, "whiners" ndi majeremusi. Ambiri ankangomukankhira chinthu chimodzimodzi ake, koma ambiri anam'funafuna chifukwa cha mtima umenewu kuthetsa mavuto. Choncho, wakhala kawiri kachiwiri Kusankhanso kwa positi nduna yaikulu.

Palibe abusa yaikulu ya atumwi XX sanali zatenga malo nthawi yaitali. Iwo wakhala chizindikiro cha nyengo za chitsitsimutso cha Great Britain, pokhala pa helm a dziko.

Kusintha ndi kukwaniritsa Thatcher

Margaret yekha sanaitana ndekha mkazi - ankakonda kunena kuti: Ndine ndale, ndi wandale alibe jenda. Iye anasonyeza kulimba mtima mu malo analibe amuna zokwanira.

Ndi pamene anabweretsa ndi mkangano mu Falklands ndi Argentina. The United Kingdom mwachindunji Thatcher anasonyeza mtima pankhani imeneyi mwa kuyambitsa asilikali kumeneko, kenako magulu Argentine anakakamizika kuchoka pa chilumbacho. Izi nkhondo pang'ono, chinali kugonjetsa wina ndale za Iron Lady. Mwa njira, iye anapatsidwa dzina lakuti ya Russian kwambiri. M'dziko la kwawo khalidwe wosapindika dzina lake Margaret zochepa kwambiri mwa ndakatulo, mwachitsanzo, "Ram" kapena "oti muli nazo zida thanki".

Ndi chidwi kuti pamene Thatcher anali Britain rapprochement ndi Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev ndi mkazi wake anali kuyendera ndi boma London. Margaret otchedwa mnzake Soviet kuti "hump" zinthu zambiri, iwo anali mu mgwirizano, ngakhale panali kusamvana.

Kusintha anayambika ndi Iron Lady, yophika pansi ku ziphunzitso zitatu:

• kuchepetsa msonkho kwa azamalonda;
• ndi wamba wa m'boma maofesi chuma;
• kuchepetsa kwambiri mu bilu malipiro.

Otsiriza, kumene, anali osatchuka kwambiri ndi anthu ambiri, koma wachita ntchito zabwino mu chuma chakumadzulo.

M'pofunikanso zaka zimenezo vuto la Ulster. Margaret Thatcher kuzimwera kwambiri ndale nzeru, mtendere, koma pa nthawi yomweyo mtima chidwi. Iye anadzipereka kuti Ulster (Northern Ireland) kusadalira England, ngati kumalo a referendums zikusonyeza kuti ambiri kuti kuvotera zimenezi. Komabe zoona ameneyu: chifukwa cha Ulster pansi pa aegis la United Ufumu lero. Tikumbukenso kuti Ira (Irish Republican Army) ngakhale bungwe kuukira mtumiki pachimake ndi zikuphulika bomba, koma Margaret sanali kuonongeka, mosiyana ndi atsogoleri ena a ndiwofatsa Party.

Premier Care

Mu 1990, Margaret Thatcher anatsanzika. Komabe, wadutsa ndi lothandiza lonse. Iron Lady anali wokhoza kubwerera ku United Ufumu mphamvu zake zakale ndi nzeru, kubwerera kamodzi kachiwiri mmodzi wa atsogoleri a zachuma ndi ndale. ngongole Izi kosatha mu chikumbukiro cha anthu British, ndi dzina la Margaret Thatcher muyaya okhala mu mbiri ya ndale za UK. April 8, 2013 Iron Lady wapita. Anthu ambiri amadzifunsa kuti: zaka zingati Thatcher? Margaret anakhala ndi moyo wautali, chidwi moyo, kufika zaka 87. Tsalani chionetsero unachitikira mu kukhalapo kwa Mfumukazi Elizabeth II, anthu a m'banja lake, komanso kanjedza ndale za nyengo makedzana.