TV: mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi chitukuko. Mbiri ya TV ku Russia

N'zovuta kuti moyo popanda TV. Ngakhale sitiyenera kuyang'ana, komabe mbali yofunika ya chikhalidwe chathu. Panthawiyi, anthu anapanga izi pang'ono kuposa zaka 100. TV, mbiri ndi chitukuko chimene kupsa m'njira yaing'ono mfundo za mbiri ya nthawi, ali kopambana zinasinthidwa timalankhulana, imfomeshoni yogwirizana ndi boma lathu ndi chikhalidwe.

Kutulukira

Mbiri ya kanema Kutulukira kumatenga pafupifupi zaka 100. Mosiyana wailesi, zomwe anapeza imodzi ndi anthu awiri mu madera osiyana a dziko, TV - ndi zovuta, pang'onopang'ono chitukuko cha sayansi. Aliyense dziko lili Baibulo yake mbiri ya atulukira TV, yomwe imayang'ana nawo asayansi ake mu ndondomeko imeneyi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti luso analengedwa mu mawonekedwe a magulu lonse kuthana ndi mavuto enieni luso. Popanda kupita tsatanetsatane luso uyitane a akatswiri waukulu nawo mwambo umenewu.

Pa muzu ayenera Willoughby Smith, amene anatulukira zotsatira photoelectric mu selenium. Siteji yotsatira kutsegula kugwirizana ndi dzina la Russian wasayansi Boris Rosing, amene setifiketi njira magetsi kusamutsa zithunzi. Komanso amathandiza kuti anazitulukira ndi P. Nipkow, Baird D., J .. Jenkins, I. Adamyan, L. Theremin, amene payekhapayekha mzake m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kulenga transmitters kwa mafano wailesi. Siteji yotsatira chitukuko cha sayansi kugwirizana mkubwela kwa TV amagetsi. M. ndi G. Dickman vb mayina Pangani chubu kwa kutengerapo fano. Koma setifiketi woyamba pa luso, amene lero ntchito ku matelevizioni, chinapezeka Borisom Rozingom mu 1907. Kenako, Way lonse la asayansi ntchito pa kutukula luso. Ndipo mu 1931, kupanga V. Zworykin kulenga Ike, amene ankaona TV choyamba. Pamaziko anatulukira zimenezi zimapangitsa F. Farnsuot kinescope. Choncho mbiri ya chilengedwe cha TV ndi mwachidule akuyang'ana.

Momwe ntchito

Mu 1928, ndi chiyambi cha wailesi zonse akuyamba mbiri yeniyeni ya zikamera TV. Ulysses Sanabria woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mphepo popereka zithunzi ndi kutulutsa mawu. Mfundo ntchito tichipeza mu wapadera TV ziyerekezo fano mbale photosensitive mu cathode ray chubu. Kwa nthawi yaitali mbiri ya kanema anali kugwirizana ndi kusintha chubu, izi zachititsa ndi kuwonjezeka mu chifanizo khalidwe ndi kuwonjezeka mu chophimba pamwamba. Koma mkubwela kwa wailesi mfundo digito zasintha tsopano ndi CRT chithunzi chubu sanafune. Limagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyana kwambiri ndi kupatsira zithunzi. Iwo ndiyotengera ndi opatsirana kudzera njira digito ndi kudutsa mu kachitidwe intaneti.

mitundu ya kanema

Mbiri yaitali ya chitukuko cha TV kwatanthauza kuti anapanga zambiri maganizo ake. Choyamba, izo lagawidwa wakuda ndi woyera ndi mtundu. Isanafike 1950, ma TV onse Kuonetsa utoto chithunzi. Awiri mtundu TV muyezo: NTSC ndi SECAM - ntchito kuzungulira dziko mpaka tsopano. TV komanso akhoza kugawidwa mu analipira ndi ufulu. Uliwonse dziko pali m'ndandanda wa njira kuti mukhoza kuona chofukizira aliyense wa TV. Koma palinso njira kumene chizindikiro Tingaone kokha ndalama. Malipiro mitundu angakhale osiyana, koma gawo TV likunena anapitiriza fanizo la 30% wa msika okwana.

Ndi TV chizindikiro njira HIV angathe kugawidwa:

• zofunika mu nkhani iyi, TV wolandila alandira chizindikiro pa TV nsanja, ndi njira anthu ambiri wamba wailesi;
• chingwe, mu nkhani iyi chizindikiro amachokera chopatsilira pa chingwe chimene chikugwirizana ndi TV;
• Anakhala - mbendera kuchokera Kanema ndi anagwidwa ndi mlongoti wapadera kuti transmits fano kutonthoza wapadera chikugwirizana kuonera TV;
• Internet TV, mu nkhani iyi, mbendera kamafalikira kudzera maukonde.

Malinga ndi njira kabisidwe mudziwe TV lagawidwa analogi ndi yadigito. The chachiwiri ali apamwamba khalidwe ndi zamakono 'kala' ikusonyeza ndi kufala mfundo.

ntchito TV

TV kalekale yofunika chikhalidwe chodabwitsa, lili ntchito zambiri zofunika. Chifukwa ukulu lalikulu, kugula ndi kudziwa, TV ndi zofunika kwambiri kudzera mwa m'zofalitsira. TV ndi chida champhamvu kufalitsa mauthenga pakati pa anthu ambiri.

Choncho, mbiri ya TV mwachidule akhoza kutchulidwa ndi mawu akuti "kudziwa". The chachiwiri chofunika kwambiri mbali - ndi mapangidwe maganizo a anthu, osati mu andale onyada ndi malonda ali wofunitsitsa kulowa TV, iyi ndi njira zimathandiza munthu kutsimikizira za kulondola kwa mfundo makamaka maganizo ndi ntchito khalidwe lake. TV komanso imagwira ntchito chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro. Iwo womwaza zimadalira chikhalidwe chathu ndi mfundo kufalikira mfundo chikhalidwe wobvomerezeka, ndi tanthauzo munthu wodziŵa, Analenga zinthu ndi zochitika za muyezo wounikira. TV ndi wokhoza kuchita ndi ntchito integrative, momwe iwo angakhoze kubweretsa anthu pamodzi mu dera ena. Mofanana ndi atolankhani onse, TV amachita ndi ntchito yophunzitsa: limatiuza kuti pali zabwino ndi zoipa, n'chakuti makhalidwe abwino ndi makhalidwe abwino. Ndipo, ndithudi, wailesi ya kanema ya mbali ndimasewera, zimathandiza munthu kumasuka, amasangalala kuona telecast.

Mitundu ya TV

Mbiri yonse ya kanema - ndi njira kupeza akamagwiritsa latsopano TV. Ngalande akumenyana kwa wowerenga ndipo chotero amakakamizidwa kulenga mitundu yatsopano. Modern TV okhutira akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu zotsatirazi:

• Entertainment. TV, anthu ambiri ndi njira yoyamba ya yopuma, kotero mitsinje kuyesera kupereka zosiyanasiyana mapulogalamu zosangalatsa magulu osiyana a amaonetsa.
• Information kutengerapo. Nkhani ya kanema kumayambitsa kwenikweni kufunika popereka mauthenga, ndipo komabe anthu ambiri TV kumva uthenga ndi kuphunzira zambiri za zochitika ndi mfundo.
• Infotainment. Kuphatikiza ntchito ziwiri zofunika kwambiri amalola chidwi kwambiri chiwerengero cha oonera choncho alimi akufuna kuphatikiza ndi akamagwiritsa awiri mu mtundu umodzi wa mapulogalamu.
• maphunziro. zolengeza Cholinga chake kukulitsa ndi kukulitsa a chidziwitso pa nkhani iliyonse. Iwo amapereka mauthenga othandiza kwa omvetsera, kulola zinthu zatsopano ndi wotsegula M'maso mwawo.
• Umoyo-mphamvu kufala. zili Izi umalimbana lolimbikitsa omvetsera, yokhudza nawo zinthu aliyense chikhalidwe zofunika, monga chisankho.

Zikamera ndi kukula kwa wailesi mu dziko

Mu 1928 anayamba ntchito choyamba wailesi ina ya kanema. Ulysses Sanabria loyamba anayamba kupereka zithunzi ndi kuwomba kuchokera mafurikwense wa malo ake wailesi. Koma kuyamba wailesi zonse sikunali kotheka kuti iwo ku Great Depression. Misa TV mbiri ndi wailesi zonse inayamba mu 1934 ku Germany. German kuulutsa RRG nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri zinachititsa kuti Berlin Olympic ukufalitsidwa ndi TV. Mu 1936, wailesi zonse unakhazikitsidwa ku UK. Patapita kanthawi, kampani TV zimachitika mu United States ndi Soviet Union.

Mu 1950, United States kwa nthawi yoyamba muyezo watsopano TV mtundu, nthawi yomweyo, kukuchititsa zimenezi anatengedwa m'mayiko onse otukuka. Mu 1967, Europe ndi Soviet Union anayambitsa muyezo mtundu yake TV. Pang'onopang'ono anapanga TV chikhalidwe, ntchito Mitundu zokwanira dongosolo amalenga yachokera mapulogalamu, pali akatswiri TV Atolankhani ndi presenters. Mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 20, TV wakhala ambiri, izo wakhalapo pafupifupi kunyumba ya Earth.

Mbiri ya kanema akhoza mwachidule anafotokoza monga wofuna kulamulira dziko lonse lapansi. TV wakhala ankalimbana ndi mafilimu a kanema a, zisudzo, zosangalatsa misa, koma kenako anatenga malo ake mu chikhalidwe chi, osati kuwina koma osataya machesi.

TV adza kwa Russia

Mbiri ya TV ku Russia amayamba mochedwa poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena otukuka. Izi anali kupewedwa ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, amene anayika ena ambiri ofunika, mavuto boma. wailesi zonse inayamba mu 1931, pamene kompayila amayendera yoweyula sing'anga. Choyamba, amatengedwa 30 okha matelevizioni makina, kenako ambuye Russian ayamba kupanga nyumba yopangidwa amalandira. Mu 1933, iwo amayamba kupanga mtima kuti wailesi "B-2" kulandira zoweta TV phwando. Mu 1949 anayamba kupanga siriyo a m'banja KVN TV. Mu 1951 analenga chapakati TV kuulutsa wa USSR. Mu 1959, zatsopano pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu wailesi kunachitidwa. Mu 1965, boma la Soviet Union imalankhula Kanema wake woyamba, amene amalola inu wailesi TV chizindikiro m'dziko lonselo.

TV Soviet

Misa mbiri ya TV ku Russia unayamba mu 1951, pamene iwo amayamba ntchito situdiyo chapakati. Boma Soviet kwambiri anachita kulengedwa kwa TV, pozindikira mwayi wake kwambiri kuti maganizo a anthu. Choncho, bungwe la boma anapita situdiyo bwinobwino, chinatseguka ena Mabaibulo thematic: ndi umoyo ndale, ana ndi achinyamata, nyimbo, zolembalemba, ndi kusangalatsa anthu. Patapita chaka anadza Leningrad TV situdiyo. Onse situdiyo TV pansi pa Utumiki wa Culture wa USSR.

Mpaka 1965 Kuwulutsa zinachitikadi yekha mu Moscow ndi Leningrad. Mu theka lachiwiri la 50s TV situdiyo kuoneka m'madera ambiri, iwo anajambula zithunzi kwa situdiyo chapakati. Cha m'ma 60 ntchentche wa wailesi uyamba kufalikira ku gawo European, ndipo kuyambira 1965 - m'dziko lonselo. Pang'onopang'ono, latsopano mawu: .. "Ukufuna News", "The pulogalamu choyamba," "Pulogalamu ya Moscow", "yophunzitsa", etc. Ntchito Yolalikira kulengeza nthawi, njira yatsopano amapezeka nthawi. Kodi kugawanika kwa kanjedza, woyamba manambala wailesi chapakati situdiyo, kupita mapulogalamu chachiwiri m'deralo. Kumayambiriro 80 ntchentche amaoneka Republican TV situdiyo. Chapakati TV amayamba kuthamanga angapo amatenga kwa zigawo zosiyana.

Latsopano Russian TV

Ndi kukonzanso kusintha njira TV, pali kuthekera kwa gulu la broadcasters palokha. Mbiri ya chilengedwe cha mtundu watsopano TV limayamba ndi maonekedwe a TV Company "VID". Lake bungwe wamng'ono atolankhani W. Leaf, A. Lyubimov, A. Rasbash, D. Zakharov. Kuulutsa akuyamba kulenga zinthu zosiyanasiyana kukagulitsa iwo broadcasters latsopano. Mu 1989, akuyamba auctioning okwerera alipo TV, gulu latsopano: "Ostankino", RTR, "Petersburg - Channel 5." Kugawira pakati pafupipafupi chachikulu, TV yaing'ono kuyamba kuwombera iwo zosiyanasiyana mapulogalamu. Mu 1996, iwo amayamba kukula mofulumira makampani latsopano wailesi zamitundu yonse ikuluikulu, monga NTV ndi Ren-TV, mpaka zinthu zazing'ono, mlingo mzinda. zosiyanasiyana kotero kumatsogolera ku chakuti mpweya pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapulogalamu: kwa ndale zosangalatsa. Dziko ali ambiri a akatswiri TV, wailesi yakanema amakhala chuma yopindulitsa malo a ntchito.

Popeza 2006, iwo amayamba kusiyana pakati pa TV anthu amalonda ndi pakati pa amene pali kwambiri mpikisano amaonetsa. Today mu Russia pali 3,200 makampani TV kuti kupanga magulu onse amaonetsa.

Malonda TV ku Russia

Mbiri ya kanema Russian akubwereza nkhani ya dziko lonse. Choncho pamene dziko la Soviet Union unasweka ndipo pali boma ndi mfundo yatsopano chuma ndi ndale, TV anakakamizika kusintha komanso. Choncho, pali TV malonda, amene kuwonjezera ntchito tatchulazi, Cholinga wachotsa ubwino zachuma. TV malonda kumabweretsa maonekedwe a malonda, ndilo gwero la zachuma. Komanso pali gawo malipiro-TV, monga chingwe, Kanema ndi intaneti TV.

Mu Russia, ndondomeko izi pang'onopang'ono kwambiri, ambiri a anthu simuli okonzeka kulipira TV mankhwala ndi malonda njira sangathe kupereka zambiri zili wapadera, amene akhoza kupikisana ndi ufulu TV. Zina Kuvuta chitukuko cha malipiro-TV wabweretsa pa Intaneti, imene Russia ndi ufulu kutenga iliyonse zambiri. Komabe, mukhoza kuona kuti pang'onopang'ono atazoloŵera Russian ntchito nzika monga chingwe ndi Kanema TV, limene kwa zochepa kumabweretsa kunyumba ambiri ngalande.

Movutikira, koma aumbike ndi TV mwangwiro malonda, omwe alipo kokha kupyolera kugulitsa TV mankhwala ake. Chitsanzo ndi Mwachitsanzo, palokha TV "Mvula" omwe alipo ndi kugulitsa mwezi kapolo wanu ndipo amachititsa amaonetsa wapadera olemba pulogalamu. Mbiri ya kanema kuti amalipiritsa mu West zambiri bwino kwambiri mbiri. Mu Russia, Koma mpaka TV malonda akuyesera kuti kulibe likuvutika otsatsa, kukopa ambiri amaonetsa kwaulere.

TV digito

Mbiri yonse ya TV chikugwirizana ndi kukula patsogolo sayansi. Zingamvekere kusintha chithunzi luso kutengerapo ndipo amachititsa maonekedwe a mitundu yatsopano ya kanema. Choncho, ndi zikamera wa luso digito limapezeka ndi njira kake. Pali mitundu ingapo ya digito chizindikiro kufala chingwe, Kanema ndi lapansi. The luso lamakono amalola mawailesi akanema ndi decoder wapadera kupanga ndime ndi analogi ndi digito chizindikiro. luso Intaneti limachititsa mwamsanga mtunda uliwonse wailesi mkulu-tanthauzo kanema. Malinga mtundu wa kabisidwe, pali mfundo zingapo mayiko: European, Japanese ndi American. Ubwino waukulu wa TV digito ali motere pamaso analogue ndi:

• kusokonezedwa kuchepetsa pamene kupatsira mbendera;
• kuonjezera mapulogalamu opatsirana mofanana pafupipafupi osiyanasiyana;
• kuwongolera fano opatsirana ndi phokoso;
• kuthekera interactivity omvera, akhoza kusankha nthawi kuonera kubwerezanso pulogalamu, kuyitanitsa zili ena;
• kuthekera kufala kwa zina zambiri, kuwonjezera pa TV.

Masiku ano, padziko lonse mofulumira m'malo transmitters analogi kuti yadigito. Russia ali ankakhalanso pulogalamu ya m'malo a analogi kwa digito wailesi, lero njira zonse zazikulu ukufalitsidwa mitundu iwiri ya chizindikiro, koma pang'onopang'ono kusiyiratu njira analogi. Patapita nthawi, oonera onse lidzaloŵa m'malo matelevizioni kunyumba kwawo chamakono, analogi TV adzabwera osaonekanso.

zikuchitika masiku ano chitukuko cha TV mu dziko

Ndi chitukuko cha mbiri Internet a TV kusintha vekitala ake. Today, aliyense TV yaikulu maukonde amalenga Baibulo amagetsi a njira, kumene inu mungakhoze kuwona moyo TV, ndemanga, kupanga zopempha. TV kusintha chitsanzo cha mogwirizana ndi omvetsera, tsopano mitsinje mowirikiza kuyesetsa kuchita omvera polankhulana. Ndipo mwachionekere, kukuchititsa zimenezi mudzakhala. Amaonetsa kale ndi luso ndemanga, kuvota, kufunsa mafunso anthu otchuka a mapulogalamu. Zikuoneka posachedwa adzataya ake kufunika wailesi gululi, aliyense wowerenga adzakhala kupanga gululi pa pempho. Kum'patsa masiku ano ochuluka kukhala ogula ndi zofuna zake ndipo adzapitiriza kudziwa otaya zambiri mu mawonekedwe TV. Khalidwe TV kusakanikirana ndi atolankhani pakompyuta mwina mukhoza kuwonjezera. TV adzakhala si wolandila wa TV, komanso chipangizo multifunctional.

Ziyembekezo chitukuko cha TV ku Russia

Masiku mbiri ya zoweta TV ikuyenda mbali imodzi monga padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2004, Russia koyamba kufika ku njira CHIKWANGWANI-chamawonedwe wa kufalitsa chizindikiro TV. Choncho anatsegula nyengo yatsopano ya Internet TV. Masiku ano, TV zinachitikira amphamvu kuthamanga pakompyuta atolankhani kuti kukopa amaonetsa, makamaka atsikana. Choncho zikuonekeratu kuti mbiri ya TV ku Russia chidzasintha mu mpikisano ndi mgwirizano ndi Intaneti. Today, 99% ya mabanja ataphimbidwa ndi kanema wailesi, koma atengera zakonzedwa kungosiya TV, makamaka mabanja achinyamata dera likulu. Zikuoneka zosiyanasiyana alipo TV kutha pang'ono chifukwa anasamukira ku Intaneti, chidzawonjezeka specialization makampani, kwambiri mudzakhala kulekana kwa broadcasters ndi makampani kupanga.