Watergate zochitika mu United States: History

Watergate zochitika - manyazi ndale zimene zinachitika mu America mu 1972, zomwe zinachititsa kuti yosiya wa pulezidenti - Richarda Niksona. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba ndi kutali okha mbiri American pamene pulezidenti wa moyo wake, anaulekeza malo ake. Mawu "Watergate" akadali ankamuona ngati chizindikiro cha ziphuphu, chiwerewere, ndi upandu ya akuluakulu. Lero tisadziwa ndi inu, kodi zinthu zinali Watergate zochitika mu US, monga manyazi kukhala ndi zimene anabweretsa.

Chiyambi cha ntchito ndale za Richarda Niksona

Mu 1945, 33 wazaka Republican, Nixon anapambana mpando Congress. Panthawiyo iye anali kale chifukwa maganizo ake odana chikominisi kuti ndondomeko sanazengereze kufotokoza kwa anthu. ntchito ndale Nixon wa zachitika mofulumira kwambiri, ndipo mu 1950 anakhala aphungu wamng'ono wa United States za mbiri ya Amerika.

andale Young ananeneratu chiyembekezo chabwino. Mu 1952, pano Pulezidenti US Eisenhower asankha prezidenti Nixon a. Komabe, izi zinali choncho.

Nkhondo yoyamba

Mmodzi wa ŵa New York manyuzipepala mlandu Nixon ntchito oletsedwa ndalama kampeni. Kuwonjezera milandu yaikulu komanso anali oseketsa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi atolankhani, Nixon nthawi zina ndalama kukagula ndi mwana wagalu cocker spaniel ana awo. Poyankha atamunamizira wandale anapanga kulankhula pa TV. Ndithudi, iye anakana zonse, ponena kuti iye anali konse mu moyo wake sanali kuchita oletsedwa ndi chiwerewere kuti akhoza kudetsa ntchito zake zandale chilungamo. Garu, malinga wozengedwa, ana ake anapereka. Pomaliza, Nixon anati sanafune kuti achoke ndale ndipo musati ndingosiya. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mawu ofanana iye akunena pambuyo milandu Watergate, koma pa izo mtsogolo.

awiri fiasco

Mu 1960, Richard Nixon anapanga athamangadi wake woyamba kwa pulezidenti wa America. Goliyati anali George Kennedy, amene mpikisano basi sanali ofanana. Kennedy anali wotchuka kwambiri ndi wolemekezeka, adagonjetsa ndi malire lonse. miyezi 11 pambuyo kusankhidwa Kennedy a Pulezidenti Nixon asankha yekha chifukwa malo bwanamkubwa wa California, koma anataya pano. Pambuyo kugonjetsedwa awiri, iye anali kuganizira za mmene kusiya mfundo, koma kufuna mphamvu ankapeza muyezo wake.

pulezidenti

Mu 1963, pamene Kennedy anaphedwa, iye m'malo mwa Lindon Dzhonson. Iye analimbana bwino ndi ntchito yake. Pamene nthawi ya chisankho chotsatira, zinthu ku America anakula kwambiri - nkhondo ya ku Vietnam yomwe inali kupitiriza kwambiri, inayambitsa zionetsero kudutsa United States. Johnson anaganiza osayamba mawu chachiwiri, chomwe chinali zosayembekezereka kwambiri kwa anthu andale ndi boma. Nixon sanathe anapezerapo mwayi ndipo analengeza candidacy wake kwa pulezidenti. Mu 1968, patsogolo pa mdani wake ndi theka peresenti, iye anatsogolera White House.

mtengo

Kumene, Nixon ali kutali ndi atsogoleri aakulu American, koma sitingathe kunena kuti anali pulezidenti koipa mu mbiri US. Iye ndi makonzedwe ake angathetse nkhani ya America kuchokera Vietnam kukangana ndi matenda kugona ndi China.

Mu 1972, Nixon anabwera pa ulendo boma kuti Moscow. Mu mbiri zokhudza ubale wa pakati pa US ndi la Soviet Union, anali msonkhano yoyamba. Anamutengera angapo mapangano zofunika okhudza amgwirizano ndi kuchepetsa manja.

Koma pa nthawi ina ya ngongole zonse ku United States Nixon kwenikweni pake. Zinali zokwanira kwa masiku angapo. Mwina anaganiza, chifukwa kuti - ndi Watergate chibwenzi.

nkhondo andale

Amadziwika kuti nkhondo pakati Democrat ndi ma Republican mu United States kale ankaona wamba. Oimira Aiguputo pafupifupi nawonso alandira ulamuliro boma, akukankha ofuna awo pa visola ndi kuonetsetsa thandizo lalikulu. Komabe, aliyense chigonjetso kumabweretsa chimwemwe cha wopambana wa chipani ndi yaikulu otsutsa kukhumudwa. Kuti kugwira mphamvu, ofuna zambiri kupita lakuthwa kwambiri ndi ankhanza kulimbana. Ngati akulowa mabodza, dothi ndi njira zina zonyansa.

Pamene mmodzi kapena wandale wina afika impso, moyo wake ukusandulika pankhondo yaikulu. Aliyense, ngakhale kulakwitsa pang'ono amakhala nthawi opikisanawo kuti tiponye. Kudziteteza ku zochita za otsutsa ndale, Pulezidenti ayenera kutenga ndalama yaikulu kanthu. Monga momwe choncho Watergate, Nixon pankhani imeneyi si wofanana.

The Service Chinsinsi ndi zipangizo zina mphamvu

Pamene ngwazi ya zokambirana zathu pa zaka 50 anabwera kwa pulezidenti ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri wake anali cholengedwa cha moyo chinsinsi. cholinga chake chinali kuwunika otsutsa ndi otsutsa mwina wa pulezidenti. Malamulo uku akunyalanyaza. Zonse zinayamba ndi chakuti Nixon anakhala kumvetsera foni kukambirana za mpikisano. M'chaka cha 1970, iye anapita ngakhale patali: anapatsidwa anakafuna patsogolo chifukwa ntchito chinsinsi nesektsionnyh amasanthula anaikhazikitsa Democrats. Presidenti si mantha kuti njira "kugawaniza ndi ulamuliro".

Kumwazikana odana ndi nkhondo chionetsero, anagwiritsa ntchito misonkhano ya Izinso Mafia. Iwo sali apolisi, kutanthauza kuti palibe amene anganene kuti boma akunyalanyazanso ufulu ndi malamulo a demokalase. Nixon sanali kupewa akuyendeni pansi ndi ziphuphu. Pamene tikuyandikira wozungulira wina chisankho anaganiza tipezekemo thandizo la akuluakulu. Ndi otsiriza anamukomera mtima kosatha, ndinafunsa za misonkho mufunse anthu ndi ndalama kuthungo. Kupereka mauthenga amenewa, zinali zosatheka, koma pulezidenti kunena, kusonyeza chigonjetso cha mphamvu zawo.

Ambiri, Nixon anali amakayikira kwambiri ndale. Koma ngati inu muyang'ana pa dziko ndale, mwa mawu a mfundo youma, anthu oona mtima kumeneko kupeza kovuta. Ndipo ngati iwo kulibe, nawonso chabe kudziwa mmene kubisa tchimo lawo. ngwazi wathu sizinali choncho, ndipo ambiri adawazindikira za izo.

"Openta wagawo"

Mu 1971, chaka pamaso pa chisankho cha Pulezident lotsatira anakhalabe pa chaka, nyuzipepala "New York Times" yofalitsidwa mu imodzi ya zipinda za CIA chinsinsi nkhani nkhondo ku Vietnam. Ngakhale kuti dzina Nixon wa sanatchulidwe nkhani ino, anakayikira yamtunduwu a kazembe ndi ndodo yake wonse. Nixon anatenga chuma ndi vuto lenileni.

Patapita kanthawi, iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi otchedwa Chigawo cha okonza mapaipi a madzi - utumiki chinsinsi, kazitape, osati kokha. Kufufuza imachitika kenako anasonyeza kuti ogwira ntchito ya utumiki iyi zokwera kulankhula ndi anthu, choopsa pulezidenti, komanso disruptions ya misonkhano imene Democrats. Mwachibadwa, nthawi imene chisankho, Nixon anali amachita "plumber" zambiri kuposa nthawi mwachizolowezi. Pulezidenti anali wokonzeka kupita nkomwe, iye anasankhidwa ndi mawu chachiwiri. Chifukwa cha ntchito yambiri pa espionage gulu zinachititsa kuti kumuyalutsa, amene anali kudziŵika kuti Watergate chibwenzi. Iyenera kukonzedwa - si anthu okha nkhondo, koma izi pang'ono.

M'mene zinachitikira

Liku- lu Committee US Democratic Party anali pa nthawi imeneyo mu hotelo "Watergate." Mmodzi June madzulo mu 1972, hotelo zikuphatikizapo amuna asanu ndi masutikesi openta mu magolovesi. N'chifukwa chake espionage gulu anadzatchedwa openta. Madzulo iwo anachita mosamalitsa malinga ndi chithunzithunzi cha. Komabe, mwangozi yolakwika ntchito azondi sizinachitike. Iwo chinalepheretsa alonda mwadzidzidzi anaganiza kuwalanga kupatutsidwa kwa msewu unscheduled. Kungowerenga mlendo zosayembekezereka, iye anatsatira malangizo ndipo anaitana apolisi.

umboni koposa wokwanira. Chief pakati pawo - kuphwanya chitseko ku likulu la democrat lapansi. Poyamba ankawoneka ngati cholanda wosalira zambiri koma kufufuza mosamalitsa malo anapezeka milandu zambiri waukulu. Chilamulo enforcers anapeza zigawenga chipangizo zipangizo kujambula. Iwo anayamba kufufuza kwambiri.

Poyamba, Nixon anayesa Leka mpaka milandu, koma pafupifupi tsiku lililonse kupeza mfundo yatsopano, kutsegula nkhope yake woona, "nsikidzi", unakhazikitsidwa ku likulu la Democrats, kujambula kukambirana zimene zinachitika mu White House ndi zina. Congress anafunsa Pulezidenti kupereka kufufuza zolemba zonse Komabe, Nixon anamuonetsa cabe ena a iwo. Mwachibadwa, zimenezi sankasangalala ndi Ofufuza. Pankhaniyi, ife sankaloledwa ngakhale kukondera pang'ono. Chifukwa, izo zikanakhala zotheka kubisa Nixon - 18 mphindi kujambula, iye achotsa. Iwo sakanakhoza achire, koma zilibe kanthu, chifukwa nkhani kupulumuka anali oposa zokwanira zosonyeza mwamwano kwa pulezidenti wa bungwe la dziko lakwawo.

wachiŵiri pulezidenti wakale Alexander Butterfield amanena kuti nkhani ya White House kwa mbiri analemba. Pamene mkangano wa wokwanira, ananena kuti m'masiku a Franklin Roosevelt anachita mbiri malamulo kukambirana mutsogoleli wadziko. Koma ngakhale tikugwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi, mfundo ndi yakuti kumvetsera otsutsa ndale, amene sakhoza kuyesedwa wolungama. Makamaka mu 1967 mobisa zimene ankaphunzira yoletsedwa pa mlingo malamulo.

Watergate zochitika mu United States anachititsa kumveka kwambiri. Monga kufufuza mu chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa anthu unakula mofulumira. Kumapeto kwa February 1973, yazamalamulo alonda asonyeza kuti Nixon mobwerezabwereza anachita kuswa poyerekezera ndi kupereka msonkho. Zikuonekanso anapeza kuti pulezidenti ntchito yaikulu ya ndalama zaboma kuzindikira zosowa munthu.

Watergate chibwenzi: chigamulochi

Kumayambiriro ntchito yake Nixon anatha kutsimikizira anthu a wosalakwa, koma nthawi iyi zinali zosatheka. Ngati pa nthawi Pulezidenti mlandu akugula mwana wagalu, koma tsopano anali funso m'nyumba awiri apamwamba mu California ndi Florida. "Openta" anaimbidwa mlandu chiwembu ndi anamangidwa. Koma mutu wa boma tsiku lililonse likadutsa zambiri omangika ndi White House ndi akapolo ake.

Khosi koma anayesayesa amachotsa tchimo lake ndiponso kuika ananyema pa Watergate chibwenzi. Mwachidule, longosolani pulezidenti wa boma n'zotheka, mawu akuti 'kulimbana kupulumuka ". Ndi changu chidwi Pulezidenti anakana yosiya wake. Malinga ndi iye, ndi m'mikhalidwe palibe sanafune kusiya positi amene anaikidwa ndi anthu. Anthu American, nayenso, kodi n'komwe kuthandiza Nixon. Onse zinachititsa kuti iyenera kukonzedwa ndi. Congressmen anatsimikiza kuchotsa pulezidenti pamalo okwezeka.

Pambuyo kufufuza zambiri za Senate ndi Nyumba ya oimira anapanga chigamulo awo. Iwo anazindikira kuti Nixon anachita zosayenera kwa pulezidenti ndi njira kugumula kuti oyendetsera dziko la States. Chifukwa iye anali amachotsedwa pa nchitozi ndi kuperekedwa pamaso pa bwalo. Watergate zochitika n'chifukwa yosiya pulezidenti, koma si zonse. Zikomo matepi, atafufuza anapeza kuti andale ambiri ku anamuperekeza pulezidenti nthawi zonse nkhanza ofesi, anatenga ziphuphu ndi zoonekera anaopseza owatsutsa. America Chodabwitsa kwambiri si chakuti mkuwa pamwamba muli anthu osayenera, ndi kuti katangale wafika lonse amenewa. chakuti mpaka posachedwapa zinali zosiyana ndi zingachititse kuti zotsatira sizingasinthe, wakhala wamba.

yosiya

August 9, 1974 wovulalayo yaikulu ya nkhani Watergate Richard Nixon ndinapita kunyumba, kusiya utsogoleri. Kupalamula, mwachibadwa, sanazindikire. Kenako, pokumbukira milandu, iye amati, monga pulezidenti, analakwitsa ndi zinthu monyinyirika. Chimene iye ankafuna kunena choncho? Mtundu wanji kanthu funso? Mwina dothi pagulu zina pa akuluakulu ndi anthu pafupi. Kodi Nixon angapite zimenezo kuzindikira chachikulu? Ambiri mwina, onse amenewa chabe pofuna kudziyesa wolungama yekha.

Watergate chibwenzi ndipo atolankhani

Udindo wa atolankhani ku chitukuko cha kumuyalutsa anali bwino mwachangu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku American Samuel Huntington, pa milandu Watergate, ndi atolankhani anaponya mutu wa boma ndi kuitana chifukwa cha chinaperekedwa kuwonongeka sizingasinthe. Ndipotu, atolankhani anachita zimene ndinali sanathe bungwe iliyonse m'mbiri US - wakumanitsa pulezidenti wa malo ake, amene adalandira, mothandizidwa ndi ambiri. N'chifukwa chake Watergate chibwenzi ndi kusindikiza za manyuzipepala US ikaimirabe ulamuliro wa mphamvu ndi kupambana kwa atolankhani.

mfundo zosangalatsa

mawu "Watergate" munakhala mu slang ndale za mayiko ambiri. Zimatanthauza milandu imene inachititsa kuti iyenera kukonzedwa ndi. Ndipo mau "chipata" wakhala suffix, amene ntchito mu mutu wa mfundo yatsopano, ndipo osati zoipa. Mwachitsanzo: Monikageyt pansi Clinton, Reagan Irangate chisokonezo galimoto kampani "Volkswagen" dzina Dizelgeytom ndi zina zotero.

Watergate zochitika mu United States (mu 1974) kangapo osiyana anasonyeza mabuku, kanema ndipo ngakhale pakompyuta.

Pomaliza

Today ife tinapeza ndi inu kuti Watergate zochitika - nkhondo imene zayamba mu United States pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Richarda Niksona ndipo zinachititsa kuti yosiya ntchito ya masika. Koma monga mmene uonela, tanthauzo ili m'malo ochepa kufotokoza chochitika, ngakhale kuganizira chakuti, kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya US, anatsogolera pulezidenti kusiya malo ake. Watergate chibwenzi mbiri ya ndilo phunziro la zokambirana zathu zalero, anali lalikulu kunasintha maganizo a ku America ndipo, pa dzanja limodzi, anatsimikizira kuti chilungamo chipambane, ndipo ena - mlingo wa chivundi ndi olamulirawo anthu mu mphamvu.