Zilandiridwenso ndi yonena za Osip Mandelstam

Pakati pa nkhani zodabwitsa muno kwambiri yonena za Osip Mandelstam, ngakhale allocated ndi mwamphamvu wapadera, koma anakumbukira chifukwa cha tsoka lake. Pa moyo wake waufupi, anaona kusintha awiri, amene anasonyeza osati dziko lake, komanso ndakatulo ndi. Kuwonjezera awa, Osip Mandelstam ntchito zikuphatikizapo prose, essays ambiri, essays, Mabaibulo komanso kutsutsa zolembalemba.

ubwana

Osip Emilevich Mandelshtam, Myuda ndi kubadwa, kubadwira mu January 1891 ku likulu Polish, amene m'masiku amenewo anatumizidwa ku Russia. Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa banja mwana wake anasamukira ku St. Petersburg. Aemilius Veniaminovich, awisi, anapanga wamoyo mogwirizana malonda, komanso wamalonda anali munalidi gulu loyamba, kotero iye anali ndi malo antchito zabwino anthu. mayi ake, Flora Verblovskaya, anaphunzira nyimbo, chikondi umene tinalandira kwa wamng'ono ndi Mandelstam. Osip mu nthawi kuchokera mu 1900 mpaka 1907, iye anaphunzira pa yapamwamba maphunziro Tenishev sukulu yomwe kamodzi analandira Nabokov. Nditamaliza maphunziro, makolo kutumiza mwana wake Paris, ndipo kenako - mu Germany (chifukwa cha chuma). Pa Sorbonne anakapezeka nkhani ambiri, anakumana ndi French ndakatulo kukakumana ndi tsogolo mnzake - Nikolai Gumilyov.

Homecoming

Mwatsoka, Mandelstam banja inawonongeka ndi 1911, ndipo Osip anabwerera ku St. Petersburg. Mu chaka chomwecho iye analembedwa University of St. Petersburg mu mbiri-philological mphamvu, koma iye sanali kutsindikiza ziwaphunzitsani lisanathe omasuka ndiponso ochezeka, ndipo anatulutsa mu 1917. Nthawi imeneyi, sympathies ndale anapatsidwa Kumanzere Socialist-boma ndi Democrats Social. Iye alinso mwachangu akulalikira Marxism. Zilandiridwenso Osip Mandelstam anapanga zambiri mu French nthawi ya moyo wake, ndi ndakatulo yoyamba ndinawona mu "Apollo" Journal of Kuwala mu 1910.

"Gulani olemba ndakatulo"

Choncho amaganiza kuti ndakatulo ndi zonse zofunika ndi anzake ndiwe wa otaya ena. Gulu "shopu andakatulo" inkakhala ndi umunthu ngati wotchuka ngati Gumilev, Akhmatova, Sergei Gorodetsky, ndipo, ndithudi, misonkhano kawirikawiri anapezeka Mandelstam. Osip mu zaka zoyambirira zinkangokhala ophiphiritsa, koma anadzakhala wotsatira acmeism monga mabwenzi ake a pamtima kwa gululi. Yambewu kukuchititsa zimenezi yomveka tingawapeze zithunzi ndi bwino. Choncho, 1913, m'chigawo choyamba cha ndakatulo ndi Mandelstam amatchedwa "Stone" wakhala kuwonjezekeredwa mzimu wa izo acmeism. Mu zaka omwewo, amalankhula poyera, kuyendera "kusokera Dog" ndi yodziwa Blok, Tsvetaeva ndi Livshits.

zaka za ulendo

Wambiri Osipa Mandelshtama mu nthawi imeneyi ndi yovuta kwambiri. Pamene kuyambira yoyamba ya padziko lonse, chifukwa matenda kutsogolo angamachite ndakatulo. Koma ulimi wa 1917 kwambiri bwino zimaonekera mawu ake. maganizo ake ndi akatswiri andale ndi mavuto ena, nthawi imeneyi mokomera Bolsheviks. Iye analemba ndakatulo ambiri, mfumu ndi asilikali. Nthawi imeneyi atapeza zambiri kutchuka bwino, amapita mwakhama dziko ndipo linasindikizidwa mu zosiyanasiyana mabuku. zimayambitsa Unknown kumulimbikitsa kuti asamukire ku Kiev, kumene ankakhala pa nthawi imene mkazi tsogolo Osipa Mandelshtama, Nadezhda Hazina. Asanalowe m'banja, anamaliza mu 1922, ndi nthawi yocheza nthawi zina mu Crimea, kumene anamangidwa pa kukayikirana wa Bolshevik nzeru. chaka A pambuyo amasulidwe tsoka akutumiza iye Georgia. Komabe, pali kuyembekezera anadabwa ndi zosasangalatsa. Anamuimbanso kuika kumbuyo zitsulo, koma chifukwa cha khama la anzake m'deralo kuti wamaliza kuthawa mwamsanga.

Moyo ndi ntchito mu Soviet Russia

Chikadzangotha kutumikira m'ndende ku Georgia yonena Osipa Mandelshtama kachiwiri umabwerera kwa Petrograd kwawo. ankaonera zinthu zisinthe zimaonekera m'chigawo chotsatira cha ndakatulo pansi udindo Tristia, amene lofalitsidwa mu 1922 mu Berlin. Ndiye iye zikugwirizana ndi nsinga wopatulika Nadezhda. Mu ntchito za nthawi akulamulira tsoka wokoma, kenako kulakalaka akutsanzikana ndi mfundo anthu ndi malo. Pambuyo pake, wolemba ndakatulo Osip Mandelstam amapita ku kwambiri ndi protracted mavuto a ndakatulo, poyamba zokondweretsa mafani a mavesi ochepa, limene chisoni chifukwa cha imfa ya chikhalidwe akale. Ndipo mu zaka zisanu (1925 ndi 1930) ndi sanalembe chilichonse, kupatula prose. Kuti mwanjira kupulumuka mu chilengedwe ankhanza, izo anamasuliridwa. Yachitatu yomwenso ndi yomaliza deta chabe lotchedwa "ndakatulo" lofalitsidwa mu 1928. Mu imeneyi anali abwino kwambiri Bukharin, amene si malo otsiriza mu boma la Russia. Komabe, olimbikitsa Stalin, akusonkhanitsa mphamvu, kuyang'ana chifukwa chabodza aliyense m'malo ndakatulo.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Wambiri Osipa Mandelshtama mu 30s amaika pamodzi ndi mkazi wake Caucasus, amenenso opanda thandizo ndiponso ndikawapempha Bukharin. M'malomwake, ndi nthawi chitetezo ku chizunzo kuposa enawo. Osipu Emilevichu maulendo kukathandiza kukonza chidwi ndakatulo, chifukwa mu mndandanda wa essays "Ulendo kuti Armenia," womwe Komabe, anakanidwa ndi mfundo. Patatha zaka 3 wolemba ndakatulo abwelela kunyumba. maganizo ake kusintha kachiwiri, monga kale akulemekezedwa kukhumudwa chikominisi kwathunthu silingamveke maganizo ake. Kuyambira cholembera lake zankhanza epigram "Kremlin mountaineer", umene werengani anthu chidwi. Mwa anthu awa ndi kazitape, amene lathamangira kukauza Stalin. Mu 1934, Osip kuyembekezera kumangidwa wina ndi ukapolo ku Perm, kumene iye limodzi ndi mkazi wokhulupirika. Pali pofuna kudzipha, koma pofuna umalephera. Kenako, banja imatumizidwa Voronezh. Kumeneko analembedwa ndi yabwino ndi ndakatulo atsopano anasaina "Osip Mandelstam", mbiri ndi zinthu zomwe akuphedwa mu 1938.

imfa

Mu 1937, wolemba ndakatulo ndi mkazi wake anabwerera ku Moscow. Komabe, patapita chaka, anamangidwanso kachiwiri mu Samatihe. Wake kuti ndikhale zaka zisanu m'misasa kukonzanso maphunziro. Mwatsoka, izo akudwala Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi, ntchito penapake pafupi Vladivostok, umene akamwalira. Ambiri mwa ndakatulo lake anapulumuka chifukwa cha khama la mkazi wake. Paulendo wake, ndi maulalo anabisa ntchito mwamuna wake kapena kuloweza. Mandelstam anaikidwa mu manda oikamo.