A ambiri ndi ambiri: Chitsanzo mu Access, mu SQL. Kodi kupanga ambiri ndi ambiri?

Onse DBMS (Nawonso achichepere kasamalidwe dongosolo) , muli mitundu yambiri ya ubale pakati pa matebulo. Mwa iwo wina ndi umodzi, ndi zambiri ndi chimodzi (ena timakonda kudziwa mitundu iwiri wina) ndi ambiri ndi ambiri. Chitsanzo cha yamasika, ndipo mudziwe tanthauzo lake mu zinasokoneza makompyuta osiyanasiyana, monga Access, kapena SQL, ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

tanthauzo

Ambiri ndi ambiri ubale limanenedwa ngati machesi aliyense Mabaibulo a mmodzi wa essences nthaŵi zina zonse. M'mawu ena, aliyense munda wa woyamba (wachiwiri) tebulo kugwirizana ndi minda yonse ya wachiwiri (choyamba).

chiwembu izi momveka amasonyeza akamanena za ubwenzi.

Pamene ambiri ndi ambiri maubale ntchito?

Chitsanzo cha ambiri ndi ambiri - wophunzira gulu ndi gulu la aphunzitsi. Wophunzira aliyense amaphunzira pa kamodzi pa aphunzitsi ochepa, amene nawonso, kupereka nkhani ophunzira angapo. Mu chithunzi limasonyeza kusiyana pakati pa munthu ndi ambiri ndipo ambiri ndi ambiri.

Ambiri ndi ambiri ubale zambiri zofunika pokonza zinasokoneza makompyuta zikuluzikulu, ang'ono zitsanzo fanizo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha zolinga maphunziro, kwenikweni kuchita likukhalira kuti mabungwe kwambiri Nawonso achichepere ndi ubale zambiri pakati pawo - kwambiri mosavuta mungachitepo kawirikawiri ambiri ndi ambiri.

Kodi kupanga ambiri ndi ambiri?

Zitsanzo za ubale mu funso akadali zidzawonjezedwa mu njira ya nkhani, koma ndi kofunika kumvetsa chimene icho chiri, komanso kukhazikitsa izo. Tsatanetsatane wa ndondomeko imeneyi mwachindunji zimadalira Nawonso achichepere anasankha ntchitoyo, pamene mfundo akanali yemweyo onse.

Microsoft Access

Office mapulogalamu kuchokera "Microsoft" amadziwika msika mapulogalamu kwa ndithu nthawi yaitali. Nkhani ndi lemba mkonzi Worfd, kupambana tabular purosesa ndi ena a mzere wa "ofesi". Mukhoza kulumikiza (kuwerenga monga "acces", ndi kumasulira kwenikweni - "mwayi") kugula ndi osiyana ndi ake "anzake". Ndi bwino kugula, ndithudi, chiphatso mapulogalamu, koma palibe chinsinsi mochuluka bwanji pirated repack angapezeke mu ukonde waukulu, mu mawonekedwe owona zonse, kapena mitsinje manja. "Microsoft Acces" alipo ngakhale mu msonkhano wonyamulikayu. Izo sikutanthauza unsembe ndi luso lapadera ntchito ndi PC, ndi bwino yoti kusankha ngati mapulogalamu sadzakhala ntchito yokhalitsa ndi zambiri.

Kuyambira apambuyo zikuonekeratu kuti "Microsoft Acces" - ndi kasamalidwe dongosolo Nawonso achichepere. Ndipo mmodzi wa anthu otchuka. Ndi ubale kutanthauza kuti zachokera zomveka chitsanzo deta, umene uli Inde ntchito yake amatanthauza chiphunzitso akonzedwa ndi loyamba kuti maganizo. Ambiri ndi ambiri ubale mu Access (zitsanzo adzapatsidwa mafotokozedwe a), anazindikira kwambiri, lophweka. Muchiyese.

Pali matebulo awiri ..

Pofuna kuyambitsa chilichonse chatsopano, kutenga kale kufotokoza ambiri ndi ambiri Mwachitsanzo za ophunzira. Muyenera jambulani tebulo "Ophunzira" ndi tebulo "Aphunzitsi." Onse woyamba ndi wachiwiri wa awa ndi makiyi chachikulu. imafunanso tebulo lina, limene minda chifukwa kaphatikizidwe nthawi mabungwe awiri - mafungulo a matebulo yoyamba ndi yachiwiri.

Ngati ife chitsanzo osiyana: tiyeni tinene, osewera ndi timu (anapatsidwa chakuti mmodzi wa osewera kusewera kwa magulu osiyana, ndipo aliyense timu wapangidwa ndi osewera khumi), akumanga kulumikiza sizidzasintha. Komanso muyenera matebulo atatu. Awa, "Football" ndi "Team" monga waukulu ndi wina wapakati.

deta chiwembu

Ubale pakati pa matebulo mu Nawonso achichepere "Microsoft Acces" akuyendera ntchito tsamba "Data chiwembu". Chionetsero gulu anawonjezera kuti mabungwe onse (mu nkhani iyi, matebulo onse atatu). Pangani ambiri ndi ambiri adzakhala akugwiritsa ntchito ubale awiri, wina ndi ambiri ubale chachikulu ( "Ophunzira" ndi "Aphunzitsi") ndi tebulo staging. Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera interconnect mafungulo chachikulu ziwalo.

Fanizo pamwamba akusonyeza mmene "dera deta" tsamba (Relathionships). Chiwerengero cha anawonjezera kuti gulu tebulo kalekale. Location amadziwa chosinthika ndi wosuta.

SQL

Nawonso achichepere Design pa SQL - kovuta ntchito kuposa "Acces". Ngati maykrosoftovskih mankhwala ndi kusinthidwa bwinobwino chilengedwe ofesi, ali ndi yaikulu ndipo ndi aliyense kumasuka ndi zosinthika magwiridwe onse extensible, koma pa nthawi yomweyo yabwino mophweka wosuta mawonekedwe, SQL - ndi osiyana sanali procedural chinenero mapulogalamu, amene pa nsanja osiyana mukhoza ntchito ndi zinasokoneza makompyuta. Mapulogalamu odziwika bwino ntchito yake yayikuluyi: Oracle MySQL ndi DB2 (a otchuka, koma osati yekha mtundu wake). Ngakhale kuti aliyense wa iwo ali subtleties ake ndi mokoma, chinenero SQL ndiye "logwirizana". Mwa kuphunzira kugwira ntchito ndi mmodzi wa iwo, kuthana ndi ena kudzakhala kosavuta kwambiri.

Pangani, mudzaze ndi zochita mwachindunji pa Nawonso achichepere alipo mu SQL chofunika kupyolera kachidindo wapadera kapena zolembedwa. Komabe, amene kale izo kwa gawo "ambiri ndi ambiri" chitsanzo cha zomwe la chinenero mapulogalamu zapatsidwa pansizi, ayenera kudziwa osachepera malamulo ndiponso mfundo zofunika za chinenero SQL.

Mfundo kulenga ambiri ndi ambiri

Yaitali inalowa zowachititsa manyazi ena ndi "mumalozana chifunga", koma kwenikweni mfundo za kukhazikitsa kulankhulana akanali yemweyo. Kutayipa ambiri ndi ambiri ubale akhala akuyendera, osati mu "Acces", komanso SQL, tiyenera poyamba kulenga matebulo m'munsi awiri - wapakatikati. Mofananamo, ndi nacho chifungulo: chikhalidwe zofunika ndi minda yaikulu, omwe unalembedwa mu tebulo kulumikiza. Kutanthauza kuti SQL ambiri ndi ambiri ubale si mwapadera kuyambira "Acces".

Kukhazikitsa kulankhulana

Kukhazikitsa ambiri ndi ambiri script SQL ntchito makiyi Link (FOREIGN MUNGAGWIRITSE) ofanana ndi kiyi koyambirira tebulo chachikulu. Analemba pamodzi ndi minda yonse polenga ndi / kapena kusintha.

Ntchito ya ambiri ndi ambiri

Ambiri, ubale mabungwe mu Nawonso achichepere ntchito kukhulupirika mfundo kusungidwa mu iwo. Only bwino cholinga Nawonso achichepere ndi kugwirizana zonse zofunikira zipangitsa yosungirako otetezedwa, wosuta zinachitikira ndi dongosolo osagonja zinthu kunja ndi kusintha. Kawirikawiri, ngati Nawonso achichepere muli deta pa lonse bungwe, kampani kapena olimba, muli m'ndandanda wa mabungwe ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti pokonza ziwembu awa ( "Acces") kapena kulemba zolembedwa (mu "Oracle" kapena "DiBiTu") mudzapezeka mmodzi ambiri ndi ambiri. Mwachitsanzo SQL, kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa maphunziro "Nawonso achichepere Organization" - DB Mfumu.

Base deta Mfumu

Maphunziro Nawonso achichepere ndi mfundo za Mfumu bungweli. Pakati magome:

• antchito a kampani - lili ndi ID wantchito, dzina lomaliza, dzina loyamba ndi koyamba pakati (kuganizira maina yachilendo), komanso malamulo bwana ndi antchito wotanganidwa malo, tsiku chikuonetseratu kuti Makampani ndi kulandira malipiro awo ndi ntchito zoperekedwa dipatimenti malamulo;
• m'madipatimenti a mabungwe - pakati pa minda ya tebulo ndi malamulo ndi dzina la dipatimenti, komanso malamulo a malo ake;
• m'madipatimenti Kusinthaku, imene imaphatikizapo kulowa zambiri pa Kusinthaku malamulo ndi dzina la mzinda;
• malo kampani - tebulo kakang'ono ndi minda iwiri nsanamira malamulo ndi dzina boma;
• Makampani-ogula - minda: malamulo ndi dzina la wogula, adiresi, mzinda, chigawo, zip code ndi malo code, nambala ya foni, utumiki woyang'anira pa malamulo kasitomala, ulemerero kwa wogula ndi ndemanga (ndemanga ndi zolemba);
• mapangano zogulitsa, munali malamulo ndi tsiku la mgwirizano amagulira code, yobereka tsiku ndi kuchuluka okwana mgwirizano;
• Machitidwe a malonda - chochitika cha ndondomekozi ndi malamulo a mgwirizano, womwenso lamuloli, mankhwala code, mtengo wake, kuchuluka anaigula okwana mtengo kugula;
• The katundu - malamulo dzina la mankhwala;
• mtengo - mankhwala code, analengeza kuti mtengo, otsika mtengo zotheka, tsiku kukhazikitsidwa ndi tsiku la mtengo Kulipira.

Small tebulo zilipo imene minda oposa awiri kapena atatu kugwirizana ndi ku gome la munthu ndi chimodzi kapena chimodzi ndi ambiri.

Scale chomwecho tebulo, monga "antchito a kampani", "kampani ogula", "mapangano zogulitsa" ndi "machitidwe a malonda" okhunzana ndi mabungwe angapo, ndi ena - mothandizidwa ndi "intermediaries" ambiri ndi ambiri paubwenzi. Table "ogula kampani" ndi yokha mkhalapakati, chotero, chifukwa ambiri a kuthengo, anatengedwa kuchokera matebulo ena ndi kiyi yachilendo. Komanso, ang'ono ndi ubale Nawonso achichepere "Mfumu Corporation" ndi kuti maubale onse inextricably chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi mzake ndi zimakhudza wina ndi mzake. Kuwonongedwa kwa mmodzi wa iwo zidzayambitsa chiwonongeko cha umphumphu wa Nawonso achichepere lonse.

zina zabwino zofunika

Pamene ndikukhazikitsa ambiri ndi ambiri, kaya zomwe kasamalidwe Nawonso achichepere dongosolo ntchito, ndikofunika kudziwa makiyi zolondola ndi zomwe wasenza mtima. Molakwa akuyendera kugwirizana si kukwaniritsa cholinga chake chachikulu - ndicho, kuonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwa gome, ndi chifukwa, mmalo mwa chitonthozo sikhala, wosuta mudzalandira, Komano, anachitazi ndi mavuto ena, makamaka zimaonekera pa kudzaza matebulo kusintha deta ndi kuyigwiritsa awo.