A. S. Pushkin, "Kuchokera Pindemonti": kusanthula ndakatulo ndi. Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Mu 1836, Alexander ntchito pa Kamennoostrovsky adzizungulira, zimaikidwa pambuyo pa imfa yake. M. Yu. Lotman amakhulupirira kuti mavesi ena a mndandanda tinganene kuti chimake cha zilandiridwenso wa Pushkin ndi chipangano chake ndakatulo. Mu kuzungulira ankaimira osachepera zidutswa 6 (enieni mwawomwawo ena osadziwika zina). Awa, 4 ndakatulo amalembedwa mwa mawerengero achiroma. Timasamala ndi mankhwala, "Kuchokera Pindemonti" (a mtundu wanyimbo - ndakatulo), ndi mbali chabe kuzungulira. The ena atatu a izo - "mphamvu zosatha", "Kudzabwera italiyanskomu" ndi "chipululu Fathers ndi mkazi wopanda chilema." Ntchito zonsezi, pali zizindikiro za chipembedzo komanso Mkhristu. Komabe, iwo akuphonya mu ndime, "Kuchokera Pindemonti".

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Zidzatithandiza kuunikira tanthauzo lake. Kodi tinganene za ntchito yofunika kwa ife? Ndakatulo "Kuchokera Pindemonti" kusanthula imene timachita lero, limabweretsa ntchito mochedwa wolemba. Maganizo ake linafika ndakatulo predyval mu dziko, wapafupi St. Petersburg, mu 1836, chaka chomwecho anaikira dongosolo lake mu ndakatulo anamaliza. Koma ndi 1855 izo linaperekedwa ntchito "Kuchokera Pindemonti". Analysis deti limeneli likusonyeza kuti Alexander Pushkin sanalinso moyo panthaŵi (anamwalira mu 1837). Choncho, ntchito lofalitsidwa pambuyo pa imfa yake. Ndipo izo sizinali chifukwa kuti Pushkin sanafune kusindikiza izo. M'malo mwake, iye anayesera mwakukhoza kwake kuti onetsetsani kuti kufufuza anamuphonya ntchito "Kuchokera Pindemonti". kusanthula An wochitidwa ndi ofufuza atamwalira, zikusonyeza kuti Alexander chifukwa ngakhale anasintha dzina la chilengedwe chake.

Chopusitsira Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina

Kwambiri mabuku otsutsa lero timakonda kukhulupirira kuti udindo ndife chidwi mankhwala - ndi wabodza. Izo ziribe kanthu kochita ndi nkhani ya ndime, lingaliro la "Kuchokera Pindemonti". kusanthula anasonyeza kuti lemba unali kutchedwa "Kuchokera Alfred Musset" Komabe, Pushkin adanyerezera kusanduza dzina, chifukwa anafuna kuona ntchito lofalitsidwa. Kufufuza nthawi siikanati sitinazione kutchula atolankhani za olemba kwambiri chikondi kwa France. Chifukwa - ndi July utasintha, umene unachitika mu 1830. Nicholas Sindinafune kutsegula malo a dziko pofalitsa nkhani za izo. Chifukwa, Alexander adanyerezera kusanduza dzina kale, mmalo mwa dzina la wolemba French ntchito dzina Ippolito Pindemonte, Chitaliyana ndakatulo.

Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kusankha zimenezi sizinali mwangozi. Awiri a alembi amenewa anapeza mutu wa ufulu. Komanso, iwo akukambirana munthu ndikuthandiza zenizeni chikhalidwe. Komabe, Ippolito Pindemonte sankadziwika kuti anthu Russian, kotero Pushkin kugwiritsa ntchito dzina lake mu ntchito yake "Kuchokera Pindemonte". Nkhani ya chopusitsira Komabe, si bwino lomwe. Izo ziyenera kuti mtundu uwu wa lingaliro (ufulu, otsutsa) ndi khalidwe lonse la kayendedwe zolembalemba, monga Romanticism. Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti anthu a ku Italy ndi ku France alibe kufanana kwambiri ndi Aleksandrom Sergeevichem. Iwo amanena kuti mfundo yakuti chithunzi cholakwika dala anthu kuwerenga - mawu onena zabodza.

mankhwala zikuchokera

Ndakatulo zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu 2 (ena akutali 3) omwe ankatsutsa wina ndi mzake. M'nyimbo ngwazi "Kuchokera Pindemonti" ndipo wina ndi mzake ndi za dongosolo la makhalidwe awo moyo. owerenga woyamba udzadutsa mndandanda wa negations wa zokhuza chikhalidwe chawo komanso andale. Tikuyankhula zokhudza kufufuza, nkhondo, misonkho. Izi zimamupatsa ndakatulo mthunzi tingachipeze powerenga. Mfundo zomwe amagwiritsa Pushkin apa akutchedwa "zochuluka magawano."

Mfundo kugawa zochuluka

Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti motif kapena mutu lagawidwa ndi pazipita zotheka chiwerengero mungachite, zomwe zalembedwa pa nkhani mapangidwe ofanana. Mfundo imeneyi ndi ndakatulo ndi khalidwe la kalembedwe chakale, koma osiyana ndi moyo wakale nyimbo. Iye anaphunzira alakatuli Russian nyengo Pushkin, koma ali anapitiriza zochitika zonse zachikhalidwe. Mfundo kugawa zochuluka ntchito osati mu gawo loyamba. Ife tiri ndi chidwi mu ndakatuloyi pafupifupi kwathunthu anamanga pa izo. Wa anayi oterowo "kugawanika" ndi mawu onse. Choyamba Pushkin limafotokoza zimene amadana kuimba, ndiye - ndiye, amene safuna zimadalira. Komanso, Alexander amanena kuti palibe akapereka lipoti, "kokha kukwanitsa."

Gawo lachiwiri la ndakatuloyi

Makhalidwe anazindikira ndithu amaoneka mu gawo lachiwiri. Komanso, apa akulankhula chimodzi maganizo waukulu wa ndakatuloyi. Pushkin limanena kuti munthu sayenera 'kudziphatika kwa chikumbumtima, alibe malingaliro, palibe khosi kuti livery kuti, "" Kwa akuluakulu. "

Alexander limanena kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu mwakuthupi ndi mwauzimu, amene angathe kutenga anthu ena aliwonse kapena mtundu. ufulu onse ndi tanthauzo popanda ichi fictitious. Wosangalala kwambiri ndi ngwazi m'nyimbo ndi kukhala munthu amasirira mwaluso "chozizwitsa", "zachilengedwe zokongola."

Association ndi amakedzana

Malinga SA Kibalnik kudziwika wotsutsa zolembalemba, mu ntchito yake "Kuchokera Pindemonti" Pushkin bwino ntchito chimango zachikhalidwe. Onse pa chinthu ndi pa mlingo wa mawonekedwe (Alexandrine) anabadwa kucheza ndi amakedzana. Komabe ngati kukhala okha pa mlingo wa mthunzi ngati cha nkhani mankhwala sanalembedwepo kucheza wakale. Alexander kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense ufulu akunja ndi amkati. Iye limawayamikira zosangalatsa luso, zoyamika ndi chikhalidwe. Zonse izi zimatsutsana ndi kufunafuna mphamvu, kutchuka kuti adzipereke moyo wake pofuna ntchito zoyendetsedwa. Ntchito Horace Mulungu, wolemba ndakatulo wachiroma, ali ndi malingaliro ofanana.

Kuthana Pushkin zilandiridwenso Horace

ntchito zake chidwi Pushkin mu zaka wophunzitsa pa Lyceum. zolinga onse amene ali pamwambawa ndi analogs mu Russian ndakatulo 1800-1810 gg. Ndi, makamaka, ndi ndakatulo za Alexander Lyceum, monga "wolota", "mzinda", "Uthenga Yudin". Pushkin mu nthawi oyambirira a ntchito zake polenga zithunzi Epikureya ndakatulo, makonzedwe zokwanira. Mwambo ochiritsira ndakatulo ya Horace wakanidwa okongola msanga. Pushkin mu 1830s nthawi zambiri anatembenuka mwachindunji zomwe wa masiku amakedzana. Iye anachoka ochiritsira zilembo za Chiroma ndipo Greek kuti moyo zithunzi imitations wa Horace kuti ndakatulo yake anapanga kalembedwe French.

Evolution ya Pushkin mu chitukuko cha cholowa kulenga ya Horace

Zolinga, pafupi ndi zilandiridwenso wa wolemba anasonyeza ntchito zake "Kuchokera Pindemonti" maganizo atangochimwa Alexander. Chikhalidwe cha vesili ndi kutali msonkhano ndiye kuti n'zosatheka apereke kubwerera ku mwambo uwu, wachita kale kutayera. Komabe, kwa chilengedwe cha Alesandro 1830s zambiri khalidwe la apilo mwachindunji mawu wakale (ngakhale likukhudza makamaka anasamutsidwa) kuposa kuloŵerera mwa mfundo zake ndi zithunzi mwa prism andakatulo ano. Evolution ya Pushkin mu chitukuko cha cholowa lalikulu wachiroma wolemba ndakatulo za kulenga anachokera ku zizindikiro wakale yeniyeni zithunzi moyo kuchokera imitations wa Horace kalembedwe French kwa wolemba kwambiri imeneyi. Ndithudi, Alexander analemba, "Ine anamangapo chipilala ..." kokha miyezi 1.5 pambuyo polenga ndakatulo kuti chidwi ife. A lomasuliridwa wachiroma wolemba ndakatulo ode "Kuti Pompeyi Waru" amatanthauza 1835. Ngakhale izi zisanachitike, 1833, Alexander ntchito pa kusandulika kwa wina odes ina Horace - "Kuti Maecenas." Komabe, otsiriza a ntchito izi anali atha. Pushkin anapanga amamasulira vesi 8 36. Komabe, ngakhale ndimeyi yaing'ono inachokera ku kufanana ambiri ntchito ndi vesi "Kuchokera Pindemonti".

Kufanana kwa vesi "Kuchokera Pindemonti" ndi ode wa Horace "kuti Maecenas"

Malinga ndi chiyambi cha ntchito za Horace (yomasulira "Mafumu mbeu woyang'anira ...") tikulankhula za zolinga anthu omwe pakati panu ndi wolemba ndakatulo iyi. Chinthu chomwecho tikuona mu ndakatulo "Kuchokera Pindemonti". Pushkin anati za ufulu wachibadwidwe, imene salowa, ndi kuti si ofunika.

Mwachitsanzo, ndi wina zambiri zosangalatsa mwangozi. Mu pempho Horace kuti akhale wosankhidwa anasintha khamu anagwirizana: chizolowezi cha ntchito ya mlimi, chizolowezi ndi moyo wabata, kumulakalaka kusaka ndi kufunafuna zochuluka pa munda wa nkhondo adawayika pa maulendo lakutali nyanja. Kumapeto tikuona khalidwe la ntchito ya Kutchulira wolemba ameneyu nzeru moyo wake kwa ena.

Gulu zimaonetsa ntchito za Pushkin ndi Horace

Mosakayikira, mwina kudziŵika kuti zikuchokera ndakatulo "Kuchokera Pindemonti" ali kufanana ndi zikuchokera ode olembedwa Horace. Mu ndakatulo Roma gawo loyamba la ntchito, monga Alexander, analengedwa pa maziko a kugawa zochuluka. Iwo Horace chimakamba za kufunafuna anthu ena. Pa Alexander Sergeyevich izo ndi za ufulu, koma za anthu, chomwe chifuna sichoncho iye, ndi ena, anthu amene palibe wina sangathenso mutu. Mlembi wa ndakatulo "Kuchokera Pindemonti" akufotokozera cholinga chimodzi chokha cha anthu amene ali pa Horace boma ntchito mphamvu. Wolemba ndakatulo wachiroma yomweyo kudumpha kuti atchedwe zolinga zake. Pa Alexander Sergeyevich unachitika wachinsinsi mphwayi kuti "ufulu mokweza". Mu komaliza, ndi "zabwino" gawo timasamala ndi mankhwala angapezeke kufanana zolinga kusangalala luso ndi chilengedwe.

Kusiyana mankhwala kuchokera Pushkina ode Horace

Poganizira za mfundo zikuluzikulu zimene Pushkin ndi zosiyana pang'ono. Mosiyana ndi unyinji wa zolinga anthu Horace ankakhulupirira kuti njira yokhayo imene iye akhoza kupeza chimwemwe - ndakatulo. Komabe, Alexander Sergeyevich "chisangalalo" ufulu. Iye sakufuna kupereka "aliyense lipoti" 'kuti akhale ndi kusangalatsa "yekha yekha. Zonsezi zikutsimikizira kuti zithunzi ndi zikuchokera odes wa Horace "kuti Maecenas" Alexander ntchito "Kuchokera Pindemonti" mu ntchito yake. Pushkin Komabe, chodziwikiratu kuti adzathe anatembenukira kwa kulengedwa kwa wolemba ndakatulo wachiroma. Ambiri mwina, zikuchokera odes ndi zithunzi 1833 akuwakumbukira wake (pamene ntchito pa kumasulira).

Tawona kuti "Hamlet"

Kuwonjezera ndakatulo Horace ndi "Kuchokera Pindemonti" ndipo amatanthauza Shakespeare "Hamlet." Ndi za triplicate "mawu" mu ndakatuloyi Pushkin a. Alexander amazigwiritsa ntchito posankha mfundo za mmene mphamvu ali ntchito mabuku. Komabe verbiage kwenikweni wotanganidwa izo mafumu ndi anthu osaphunzira.

"Kuyambira Pindemonti": lingaliro

Pushkina kutanthauza mankhwala ndi kusonyeza chikondi ufulu wotsutsana ndi kuthamanga ankachititsa ndi mabungwe osiyana onse. Mu ndime, "Kuchokera Pindemonti" anaimira kuchotsedwa makhalidwe moyo wa Alexander. "Anthu" ndi "mphamvu", monga m'munsi mwa maphunziro anatsutsa zolengedwa kwambiri luso ndi chilengedwe chokongola. Wolemba ndakatulo sakufuna kutumikira boma komanso akulengeza izi mu vesi lake "Kuchokera Pindemonti" tanthauzo la zomwe zinali zoonekeratu kuti aliyense, kuphatikizapo mfumu. Pushkin sakumvetsa chifukwa chake munthu ayenera kutumikira boma. Mwachibadwa, ndakatulo imene anena lingaliro ili, ndipo ngakhale poyera, sitingakhale musaphonye kufufuza. Ngakhale kusintha dzina sanathandize Pushkin, kusintha kwa wolamulira anachita mtima wake. Mu 1855, anakwera wachifumu, Alexander II. Ndakatulo "Kuchokera Pindemonti", chaka cha buku lomwe - 1855 TH, nthawi iyo anapereka kwa anthu.

Osati "French" wotsutsana ndi ufulu wa ndale ndi munthu, ndipo osati "Chitaliyana" mu funso ndife chidwi mu ndakatuloyi. wokhutira chimapanga Russian mutu wachita kale pachikhalidwe amodzi a malo pamwamba mu ntchito za Alexander Pushkin. Ichi ndi mutu wa m'nyimbo kunyamuka ku malo a nkhanza komanso zinthu zopanda chilungamo, amene ali choneneza ndi kukana ufumu.

"Kuyambira Pindemonti" ndi "mphamvu zosatha"

Ngati tiyang'ana pa mfundo imodzi, mfundo zazikulu za mfundo imeneyi ngakhale momveka kwambiri kusonyeza kupyolera. Kuwonjezera "Kuchokera Pindemonti", July 5, 1936 Pushkin inatha "mphamvu zosatha." Ntchito imeneyi ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri ya Alexander Sergeyevich a utolankhani ndakatulo. tcheru wolemba chidwi ndi zooneka ngati wina zonyozeka zoona. kachisi ili, mwina mu gawo lolemera likulu Russian akuluakulu anawauza kuti avale alonda awiri ndi mfuti kupachikidwa. Izo zinkayenera kuti zichitidwe mwaumbanda kuti asasokonezeke. Komabe, Pushkin anaona kuti imeneyi ndi chinachake chosiyana kwambiri - wophiphiritsa umboni wa olamulirawo ndi chinyengo cha ufumu, amene wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba ndi anthu a Ambuye, ngakhale pa miyambo ya chipembedzo.

Ndakatulo ziwirizi, analenga nthawi yomweyo azigwirizana. Mu zosiyanasiyana za Alexander poyera dongosolo ndale komanso amene anapambana pa nthawi. Pushkin akupitiriza kulimbana ake ufulu pansi pa diso la kufufuza, mu mzimu wa awo "nyimbo yakale." Iye wayima monga ufulu chikhalidwe komanso umunthu. Pushkin amadziwa ufulu lingaliro chilengedwe.

Ntchito malembedwe

Koma malembedwe, dziwani kuti mawu lalifupi, khalidwe la ntchito oyambirira yodziwika ndi nyumba atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena, anapereka kumapeto. N'chifukwa chake athanzi mwauzimu kutengerapo mbali ya moyo, pafupi Pushkin, ndi mndandanda wa adani a ufulu, Komano, lolimba ndiponso pansi.

Zojambula "Kuchokera Pindemonti" amene lathu ndi zogwirizana zonse monga mmene anthu ambiri, makamaka achinyamata. Ndipotu achinyamata ambiri khalidwe la chikhumbo cha ufulu, ndi negation ulamuliro. Ndakatulo "Kuchokera Pindemonti" m'gulu maphunziro kusukulu. Limaphunzitsa achinyamata a ufulu ndi makhalidwe abwino.