Aster banja (Asteraceae): makhalidwe, photos, ndi owayimilira

Funso udzakhala mabanja waukulu pakati dicotyledons - Asteraceae (Asteraceae). Popanda kuzindikira, takumana ndi nthumwi zake pafupifupi tsiku lililonse - panyumba, khitchini, ndi m'makwalala. Maluwa aster banja mwinamwake wamba kwambiri mabedi wathu maluwa ndi minda, ndipo ndi mbali khitchini popanda mafuta mpendadzuwa.

Aster banja: makhalidwe ambiri

Banja zikuphatikizapo ochuluka zedi la kubereka, zovuta kupereka chithunzi cholondola, ndi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 1100 mpaka 1300, ndi oposa 20,000 Mitundu yambiri ya zomera mungu wochokera ndi tizilombo. M'dera la yogawa ndi lonse zokwanira, anthu a m'banja akupezeka mabacteria onse nyengo: kuyambira kotentha otentha ndi chinyezi kuti Titafika pamalo ozizira, mkulu mu mapiri ndi pa gombe la nyanja. Iwo amakula pa chonde wakuda nthaka mu michenga chipululu. A ambiri mitundu anapereka Astrov yotakata ntchito chuma moyo wa munthu.

Chinthu chapadera kwa zomera zonse, zomwe zikuphatikizapo banja Asteraceae - kuipidwa inflorescence - mtanga kuti tichipeza maluwa ambiri ang'ono ndi inconspicuous, koma pamodzi chithunzi chidwi kwambiri.

Kapangidwe ka duwa

Dzina la inflorescence monga odziwikiratu: dengu, ndiye pali mphamvu inayake, amene mwina apangidwe. Mphamvu - ndi anawonjezera kuti mapeto a peduncle, zikhonza kukhala mosabisa, otukukira kunja kapena concave. Basi pamwamba pa izo, ndipo pali zambiri maluwa ang'onoang'ono. Ndipo kuzungulira atazunguliridwa ndi mizere chimodzi kapena zingapo bracts. maluwa onse a m'banja la lagawidwa mitundu isanu:

• Tubular, nthawi zambiri androgynous ndi zochepa geyi. Iwo ali mawonekedwe a chubu chimene chimafika kumapeto kapena nthambi.
• Lozhnoyazychkovye maluwa - iwo anapanga ndi jointing ndi pamakhala zitatu ndi nambala yomweyo mano oyenerera m'mphepete pamwamba.
• Reed - corolla mawonekedwe ali wamfupi chubu amene kamo phula la, zinaphatikizidwa pamodzi. Monga ulamuliro, iwo ndi stamens asanu ndi pistil wina.
• Funnelform - maluwa asymmetrical mawonekedwe, genderless, malinga corolla chubu kwambiri kumatheka kumapeto (nyuzi).
• Ziwiri lipped maluwa - corolla chubu motalika kokwanira, ndipo anawerama ndi totsegulira awiri (milomo). Kungakhale komweko kapena bisexual.

Ngati timatenga Mwachitsanzo, mpendadzuwa chomwecho, tonsefe amakonda kuona ngati osiyana zobiriwira ndi wokongola maluwa. Koma ichi ndi wolakwitsa mwamtheradi ku mawonedwe a zomera. Popeza kwenikweni ndi inflorescence, muli oposa 1,000 payekha maluwa ang'onoang'ono (tubular), ndipo pamakhala lonse ndi lalanje kuwala kapena wachikasu - bango maluwa. N'zosadabwitsa zovuta yowawitsa gulu, chikhalidwe cha maganizo pa zinthu zazing'ono.

Oimira banja zotsatirazi chilinganizo maluwa:

* Ca _{(0, zinaphatikizidwa)} Co ₍₅₎ A ₍₅₎ G _(2).

Ndi mmene kwa banja lonse Asteraceae. Chilinganizo maluwa kuwerenga motere: maluwa bisexual ndi ndege angapo chosokonekera, calyx, corolla wa pamakhala asanu, stamens 5, awiri pistil, n'kuwasanganiza pa iwo.

Kapangidwe ka masamba ndi mizu

Kapangidwe ka tsamba tinganene yekha mu mawu ambiri, monga ndithu gulu lalikulu la zomera operekedwa ndi zosiyanasiyana moyo. mbewu ya mpendadzuwa, burdock, nthula, asters ndi zinnias, Yerusalemu artichokes, mawonekedwe mtengo, yarrow, gerberas ndi ena ambiri - onse banja aster. A khalidwe ambiri kuti dongosolo la masamba, kawirikawiri zonse, koma akhale imodzi kuchokera zomenyanazo. The miyeso ndi mawonekedwe a zimasiyana pa osiyanasiyana kwambiri kuchokera millimeters ochepa mpaka mamita 2-3. oimira Venation wa banja makamaka pinnate. Masamba kungakhale pubescent, mlingo wa kusalekerera zimasiyanasiyana, zomera ambiri minga.

muzu bwino anayamba ndi ambiri zomera ali ndi dongosolo yokhudza (bwino anayamba taproot ndipo ambiri paranasal). Mwachitsanzo, ndi okwanira kukumbukira nthumwi lililonse kwa banja - dandelion, ndi iye ndi mizu bwino kwa anthu ambiri. Ndipo zosintha akhoza unakhuthala ndi tuber amatikumbutsa Mwachitsanzo pa burdock.

zipatso Kodi zomera aster banja?

Asteraceae (Asteraceae) ndi achenes zipatso. Ndi youma, mbewu muli. Pericarp ndi leathery akakhwima si wosweka. maphunziro Ponseponse pa tsitsi achene osiyana, zolosera za ngowe pachiyambi, womwe zimathandiza kuti kufala kwa mbewu mu mphepo (dandelion, chowawa), ndi nyama kapena zovala anthu (zino, burdock).

mawonekedwe Asteraceae Moyo

zamoyo awa akuimira pafupifupi zonse, ndipo ichi makamaka chifukwa yaikulu m'dera kugawa, koma bitmap (Asteraceae) - ziri makamaka herbaceous zomera (pachaka kapena osatha). Makulidwe zosiyanasiyana mkati osiyanasiyana - kuchokera ting'onoting'ono kwambiri nthumwi yaikulu mamita angapo mkulu.

mitundu ndi zitsamba kapena tchire ndithu chidwi kukula (mamita mpaka 5-8 mu msinkhu). Mwachitsanzo, melampodium chithaphwi, mbadwa kunyowetsa, nkhalango m'madambo a Louisiana ku United States.

The bitmap banja oimira ndi pakati pa mitengo, ngakhale kuti anthu onse okhala m'mphepete kum'mwera. Mwachitsanzo, skaleziya mu Galápagos, amene angafikire mamita 20 kutalika, koma ndi kuderako, ndi zambiri sapezeka ngodya iliyonse ya dzikoli. Kapena zomera za mtundu brachylaena ku South Africa. mitengo akuluakulu omwe mphamvu zokwanira nkhuni kugonjetsedwa ndi kuvunda, zimene ofunika kwambiri.

Pa ya m'mapiri meadows wa New Zealand haatsiya pushkovidnaya ndipamene m'nkhalango lonse. Mlatho mtengo kuti pamphasa wandiweyani kuphimba mita hafu msinkhu ndi malo mokwanira lalikulu (mbewu imodzi akhoza kukula kwa mamita awiri awiri).

Amapezeka pakati pa mphesa Asteraceae (Mica, Mutisya), succulents ngakhalenso mawonekedwe yosowa ya moyo tumbleweed (Centaurea diffusa, asteriscus nyenyezi yaing'ono).

Pachikhalidwe, banja lonse Asteraceae anawagawa subfamilies awiri: trubkotsvetnye ndi bango.

Subfamily bitmap (trubkotsvetnye)

The ambiri mitundu - tubular. Gulu la zomera zikuphatikizapo mibadwo pa zikwi ndi mafuko zoposa makumi awiri (udindo taxonomic mu zomera, zomwe n'chozama kupitirira mtengo wa banja, koma kuti apamwamba). Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka kwambiri - ndi bitmap, kalendulovye, mpendadzuwa, anthemideae, tageteae ndi ena.

Subfamily chicory (kapena latukovye)

mutu wachiwiri lilime, motsutsana ndi banja yapita lili mafuko asanu okha, ndipo chiwerengero cha kubadwa kwa pafupi zaka mazana awiri - mbali yaing'ono ya chiwerengero cha zomera a m'banja Asteraceae. Oimira chicory kukula pa pafupifupi paliponse, m'dziko lathu wotchuka view - ndi chicory, chidwi yowala buluu maluwa ndi zimafalikira ngati udzu ndi. Komabe, mbewu ndi uchi wabwino zomera, ndi ntchito pophikira muzu khofi.

Aster banja: zakudya mtengo

Mlanduwu maphunziro a zomera za banja akhala wotchuka mu kuphika, wotchuka kwambiri chitsanzo - ndi mpendadzuwa oilseed. lakwawo - North America. Iye bwinobwino ndinazoloŵera m'dera lathu, ndipo tsopano mpendadzuwa mwakula pamlingo malonda. Waukulu mankhwala a izo - zoona, mafuta mpendadzuwa. Koma kupyola mbewu kupangidwa hydrogenated mafuta (tallow, ntchito yokonza margarine ndi sopo), kupanga zinyalala ntchito monga chakudya nyama.

yowala ndi edible, koma, mwatsoka, tilibe kukula nthumwi ina ya banja - atitchoku (onani chithunzi). Pachikhalidwe, amaona ndiwo zamasamba, koma ndi osatsegulidwa Mphukira. Monga mbale osiyana kapena mbale mbali, ndi inafalitsidwa mu maiko Mediterranean ndi ku America.

Wotchuka chifukwa chake makhalidwe kukoma Yerusalemu atitchoku, nakulitsa monga chakudya komanso mbewu luso ndi chakudya.

Kukongoletsa ndi mankhwala phindu

mitundu wake kukongoletsa ndi maluwa a aster banja (chithunzi) amadziwika kwa nthawi yaitali.

Obereketsa anachokera mitundu pafupifupi ambiri a maluwa munda. Onse bwino ndi otchuka florists chrysanthemum ndi gerbera. Kamodzi aliyense amene ali mabedi maluwa, asters nakulitsa kapena daisies, zinnias ndi marigolds, dahlias ndi ageratum.

mankhwala ndi otchuka ndi zothandiza: chamomile, yarrow, arnica, zino, nthula, chitsamba chowawa, tansy, marigold ndi ena ambiri. machiritso awo zimakhudzanso thupi kudzayesedwa ndi kuwonedwa, decoctions kapena infusions zitsamba ndi chofunika kwambiri Mankhwala.

Aster banja, amene mamembala amadziwika mwinamwake, aliyense, anapereka dziko ndalama zosaneneka za malonda, yokongola ndi mankhwala.