Bungwe kwa Security ndi Cooperation ku Ulaya (OSCE): kapangidwe, cholinga

Bungwe kwa Security ndi Cooperation ku Europe - yofunika intergovernmental thupi amene ntchito chachikulu ndi kukhala bata ndi mutendele pa dziko lapansi. Mbiri ya nyumba imeneyi lili khumi kuposa wina. Koma mphamvu zenizeni za gululi yaitali kuyenda mikangano. Tiyeni tipeze chimene ndi Organization kwa Security ndi Cooperation ku Ulaya, kudziwa cholinga amafotokoza ndi ntchito, komanso mwachidule mbiri ya ntchito.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Choyamba, ife tikupeza mavuto amene ndi OSCE unakhazikitsidwa.

Ganizo convening msonkhano wa oimira States amene zinayenda mfundo za ndondomeko mayiko m'derali, anali analengeza mu Mzinda mu 1966, akuluakulu a ku Ulaya a msasa zokomera, anali mbali ya ATS unit. Kenako kanthu inatheka chifukwa France ndi ku mayiko ena a Azungu. Koma chopereka mwachamuna udindo wa Finland. Dziko lino lakhala anapereka mwamantha misonkhano imeneyi ku likulu lake - Helsinki.

Kuyambirira upo gawo zinachitika June 1973 kuti November 1972. msonkhano wochitidwa ndi nthumwi 33 ku Ulaya, komanso Canada ndi United States. Pa nthawi imeneyi, mwambo kupereka malangizo ambiri pa mgwirizano zina, wasenza malamulo a ndondomeko ndi cholinga cha nkhani.

Pomwepo msonkhano woyamba unachitikira oyambirira July 1973. tsiku ndi kubvomereza kuti kuwerengera OSCE. Apa mu zokambirana za atumiki yachilendo anatenga gawo m'mayiko onse European kupatula Albania, ndi mayiko awiri North America. Iwo anapezeka mumafanana pa nkhani yaikulu, amene kumaonekera "Malangizo Final".

Mu gawo lachiwiri, umene unachitika mu Geneva kuchokera September 1973 kuti July 1975, nthumwi za mayiko kuchepa kulongosola mfundo zofunika kwambiri za mgwirizano onse, kotero kuti iwo kwathunthu kukumana zofuna za onse otenga mbali, ndi mgwirizano nkhani zonse.

Kusaina yomweyo ya chochitika chomaliza zinachitika mu mochedwa July - oyambirira August 1975 ku Helsinki. Iwo anali nawo atsogoleri pamwamba pa mayiko onse 35 kuchepa. Pangano yomaliza mwalamulo wotchedwa "The Act Final wa CSCE," ndipo anaganiza mwamwayi amatanthauza Helsinki Chogwirizana.

The chakudya yaikulu ya Helsinki Chogwirizana

Zotsatira zake chikalata cha mapangano a Helsinki anali formalized zotsatira za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Komanso, 10 mfundo zikuluzikulu za mgwirizano wa mayiko malamulo yapangidwa. Pakati pawo tiyenera kuunikila mfundo za inviolability a alipo mayiko a maiko a ku Ulaya, si kuwasokoneza, kuyanjana kwa States, kulemekeza ufulu wina ofunika, lamanja la mitundu kusankha adzawonongedwa.

Komanso, dongosolo yapangidwa kuti asapita ambiri mu chikhalidwe, nkhondo, andale, malamulo ndi zothandiza anthu muzochitika.

The pofuna kukwaniritsa gulu

ku Ulaya (CSCE) Kuyambira tsopano Security Council ndi Cooperation anayamba kusonkhana nthaŵi zonse. Msonkhano womwe unachitikira ku Belgrade (1977-1978), Madrid (1980-1983), Stockholm (1984), ndi Vienna (1986).

Chimodzi mwa zofunika kwambiri anali msonkhano ku Paris mu September 1990, omwe anali nawo kasamalidwe mkulu wa maiko nawo. Iwo anatenga wotchuka hayala wa Paris, amene adali mathero a Chidani nkhondo, anasaina mgwirizano pa mikono, komanso zofunika gulu sizinatchulidwe zokambiranazo zina.

Pa Moscow msonkhano mu 1991 izo anatengera kusamvana pa ufulu wa anthu patsogolo pa malamulo a dziko.

Mu 1992, pamsonkhano wa ku Helsinki chinali reformat ndi CSCE. Poyamba, iye Ndipotu, anali Forum oyang'anira kulankhulana ndi States Member, kuti kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba kulowa bungwe zonse kunachitika okhazikika. Mu chaka chomwecho Stockholm anayambitsa latsopano positi - Mlembi General CSCE.

Mu 1993, pamsonkhano womwe unachitikira ku Rome, mayikowo anagwirizana pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chakhalapo Committee, kumene m'mayiko nawo anatumiza nthumwi zawo kuimira.

Choncho, CSCE ambiri anayamba kufunafuna mbali ya kalekale lizigwira bungwe. Kubweretsa dzina la chisankho linapangidwa mu mzere ndi mtundu weniweni mu 1994 ku Budapest kuti tsopano ndi CSCE sizidzakumbukiridwanso ina kuposa kwa Security ndi Cooperation ku Ulaya (OSCE). Makonzedwe amenewa analowa mphamvu kuyambira chiyambi cha 1995.

Ukatha msonkhano uno zofunika a nthumwi OSCE inachitika ku Lisbon (1996), Copenhagen (1997), Oslo (1998), Istanbul (1999), Vienna (2000), Mzinda (2001), Lisbon (2002), Maastricht (2003), Sofia ( 2004), Ljubljana (2005), Astana (2010). Pa maonekedwe awa kukambirana dera chitetezo, uchigawenga, separatism, nkhani ufulu wa anthu.

Tikumbukenso kuti, kuyambira 2003, malo Russia a OSCE ndi osiyana ku malingaliro ambiri a mayiko ena nawo. Pachifukwa chimenechi, zambiri mwa njira wamba amatsekeka. Pa nthawi ina panali nkhani ya achire zotheka kwa Russia m'gulu.

zolinga

Zolinga zikuluzikulu, amene anakhala okha mayiko OSCE, ndi kukwaniritsa bata ndi mutendele mu Europe. Kuti agwire ntchito imeneyi, gululi akutithandiza zedi kuthetsa mkangano mphamvu ndi mkati limati membala, akulamulira kuchuluka kwa zida, kuchita zinthu zamtendere za chikhalidwe njira pofuna kupewa mikangano zotheka.

bungwe oyang'anira mmene chuma chikuyendera ndi malo dera, komanso mwambo ufulu wa anthu ku Ulaya. ntchito OSCE Cholinga chake pochita kuwunika chisankho m'mayiko nawo potumiza akungokuonani awo. gulu limalimbikitsa kukhazikitsa magulu demokalase.

m'mayiko nawo

Chizindikiro waukulu mu gulu la Europe ali mwachibadwa. OSCE ambiri, ali m'mayiko membala 57. Kuwonjezera Europe, bungwe amagwira mayiko awiri mu North America (Canada ndi USA), komanso mayiko Asian (Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, ndi zina zotero. D.)

Koma udindo chipani - si yekhayo amene alipo mu bungwe. abwenzi Cooperation amaonedwa Afghanistan, Tunisia, Morocco, Israel ndi mayiko ena angapo.

Kapangidwe ka matupi a OSCE

chifukwa Security ndi Cooperation mu Europe ali ndithu yaikulu kasamalidwe dongosolo.

Kuti akonze zofunika kwambiri za chikhalidwe padziko lonse, akupita ku Summit wa atsogoleri a boma ndi. Kuti ndi chigamulo cha thupi ili ndi yofunika kwambiri. Koma tisaiwale kuti misonkhano imeneyi otsiriza unachitikira mu 2010 mu Astana, ndipo izo zisanachitike - yekha mu 1999.

Mosiyana ndi Summit, Bungwe la nduna okhonda akukumana pachaka. Kuwonjezera kukambirana nkhani zofunika kwambiri, ntchito yake ndi chisankho cha Mlembi General wa bungwe.

The OSCE Permanent Council - thupi chachikulu cha dongosolo, amene umagwira momaliziratu kukakumana ndi mlungu uliwonse Vienna. Iye chinkhoswe mu zokambirana za nkhani imene inabuka ndi zochita pa iwo. Kulongosola ulamuliro wa wapampando wochititsa.

Komanso zofunika matupi structural wa OSCE Parliamentary Assembly ndi, Ofesi Democratic Mabungwe pa Security Cooperation Forum.

Top akuluakulu a OSCE ankaona kuti akuchita mpando ndi mlembi wamkulu. Tanthauzo la nsanamira zimenezi ndi zina mwa matupi structural wa OSCE ndi, tidzakambirana zambiri mtsogolo.

The wapampando-mu

Management ndi gulu la OSCE ndi kuchita zinthu kupitirirabe akuchita tcheyamani.

Zimenezi umachitika mwa nduna ya za okhonda ya m'dzikolo, amene chaka chino mipando OSCE. Mu 2016, ntchito aulemu akuchita Germany, kutanthauza kuti wapampando wa OSCE ndi German Minister okhonda Frank-Walter Steinmeier. Mu 2015, malo anali kulamulidwa ndi nthumwi anati la Serbia Ivitsa Dachich.

Wapampando wa ntchito ndi oyang'anira ntchito ya matupi OSCE, komanso chifaniziro cha bungwe pa mlingo lonse. Mwachitsanzo, Ivitsa Dachich mu 2015 anatenga mbali kuthetsa nkhondo ku Ukraine.

mlembi General

The chachiwiri chofunika kwambiri positi mu bungwe - Mlembi General. Kusankha malo ndi paliponse zaka zitatu, Bungwe la nduna. Pa nthawi, Mlembi Wamkulu ndi Chitaliyana Lamberto Zannier.

Mphamvu ya Mlembi General kumaphatikizapo kasamalidwe ka bungwe ndi secretariat, ndicho, ndi makamaka mutu wa makonzedwe a. Komanso, munthu uyu amachita monga nthumwi ya OSCE pa pakalibe wapampando.

The Parliamentary Assembly

The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly wapangidwa oimira onse 57. Kapangidwe chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1992 pamene bungwe yapakati-aphungu. Pamafunikanso akuluakulu oposa 300, zomwe nthumwi nyumba zamalamulo wa States Member.

Likulu la thupi ili zachokera ku Copenhagen. Top akuluakulu a Assembly Parliamentary wa wapampando ndi mlembi wamkulu.

okhazikika ndi makomiti atatu apadera kugwira ntchito mu chimango cha mayendedwe a.

kutsutsa

Posachedwapa, anthu ambiri itakula podzudzula gulu. Akatswiri ambiri akunena kuti nthawi ya OSCE sangathe kuthetsa mavuto kwenikweni ofunika ayenera kusintha. Chifukwa chikhalidwe cha posankha zochita, mwaubwino ambiri imayendetsedwa ndi anthu ambiri ochepa akhoza oletsedwa.

Komanso, pali precedents, pamene ngakhale zochita OSCE si anaphedwa.

OSCE Meaning

Ngakhale zolakwa zonse, n'kovuta Musaone kufunika OSCE lapansi. Bungweli ndi nsanja pomwe mayiko nawo mungapeze mumafanana pa nkhani amakani, kuthetsa kusamvana, kugwirizana pa malo olowa pa yankho la vuto linalake. Komanso, gululi lakhala anayesetsa ndithu kuonetsetsa ufulu wa anthu m'mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi democratization a anthu.

Musaiwale kuti panthawi Cold nkhondo linasiyidwa mosalephera chifukwa cha zokambiranazo mu CSCE. Pa nthawi yomweyo tiyenera kuyesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti latsopano mavuto andale ndi anthu, gulu anatenga mosapsatira. Ndipo pamafunika kugwira kusintha kwa OSCE lapansi.