Kulankhulana apakhungu: tanthauzo, makhalidwe ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

A sayansi chiphunzitso biogeocoenose analengedwa ndi Russian wasayansi Vladimir Sukachev. Limatipatsa mapangidwe mwatsatanetsatane za zinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo ikufotokoza zosiyanasiyanazo ankachita pakati pa mbali ya topezeka kudera: zomera, nyama yaying'ono-zamoyo. phunziro makamaka akuluakulu a mitundu ubale biotic inkachitikira asayansi wina Russian - V. Beklemishev amene amadziŵika mitundu anayi. Tikumbukenso kuti kugwirizana apakhungu - ndi mu zachilengedwe za mtundu wina ambiri ankachita a maofesi zachilengedwe kwachilengedwenso. Iwo tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino.

Lingaliro la Consortium ndi

Tisanafotokoze kufufuza funso mmene nsinga apakhungu anapanga mu biocenosis ndi, m'pofunika kuti ayanjane ndi chofunikira zamoyo mfundo Consortium lapansi. Zimatanthauza kuleza alipo, inakula maubwenzi zamoyo zingapo zimene zimadalira mtundu wa anthu zipatso - mkazi. The kaŵirikaŵiri anakumana zamoyo mu ntchito imeneyi ndi zomera ndi nyama. Iwo amatumikira pakati, kupereka anthu a mitundu ina, makamaka chakudya ndi chitetezo. Live toyesa wachibale inkonsortu endokonsortami angakhale Mwachitsanzo, kuzungulira kapena tepi mphutsi - nyongolotsi ziweto ndi anthu. Ekokonsorty - zamoyo padziko (munthuyo, ndi maziko a Mwachitsanzo, sweeper nsomba, okhala thupi la nsombazi a).

Ngati zina amakhudzana ndi inkonsortom, iwo amatchedwa ekzokonsortami (mwachitsanzo uchi njuchi kusonkhanitsa timadzi tokoma kwa winawake chomera).

Trophic ndi apakhungu chifukwa consortia zosiyanasiyana

Ngati ngale ikuyimiridwa mwa thupi limodzi, iwo akutchedwa ammudzi aliyense, ndipo ngati anthu kapena ngakhale anthu a mitundu yonse, kenako Consortium amenewa amatchedwa anthu. Trophic ndi aya apakhungu zimachitika makamaka mwamsanga anthu sinuzialnoy Consortium. Pankhaniyi, ndi ecobiomorphs chimodzi - gulu autotrophic zamoyo wa zomera za anatomical ofanana ndi makhalidwe thupi ndi kukhala ofanana zinthu abiotic. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la zolimbitsa chinyezi-wachikondi zomera Division gymnosperms - conifers (Oil, spruce, larch), wakula m'dera wamba - malo mitundu sinuzialnuyu Consortium.

Ntchito za Beklemisheva

Lofotokoza zonse zamoyo zovuta zosiyanasiyana ubale akuwuka mkati biogeocoenose anapatsidwa okhudza malo makonzedwe a mitundu wachibale wina ndi mnzake, Russian wasayansi Beklemishev ntchito apakhungu kulankhulana yaitali. Zitsanzo yofotokoza mapangidwe awo, kusonyeza kuti ena zamoyo bwanji ena chifukwa kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe. Monga wasayansi anati, chifukwa ndi apakhungu kugwirizana zowongolera abiotic zinthu za chilengedwe, ndi, mapangidwe chamoyo moyo wa omveka zinthu physico-mankhwala chapangitsa kuti anthu a mitundu ina. Choncho, sayansi yamakono maganizo limasonyeza apakhungu Beklemishev anayambitsa. Choncho madzi oyera biocoenosis - nyanja, munthu angalandire zoposa 125 zitsanzo za ubale apakhungu a nyama ndi zomera.

Mwachitsanzo, mtundu atombolombo Luetke kutchera mazira mu tsamba parenchyma zomera za m'madzi monga arrowhead, chikasu madzi kakombo, ndi mitundu munthu arrow - mmunsi mwa tsamba tsamba la zomera yemweyo. zamoyo za m'madzi kuti moyo mu nyanja madzi, makamaka ntchito zomera monga gawo lapansi kwa kuteteza mazira ndiponso kudyetsa mphutsi ndi wamkulu anthu a mtundu womwewo - zamoyo za m'madzi moyo pa masamba, umatheka ndi mizu ya zomera za m'madzi - alimi.

Udindo wa zomera ku mapangidwe limasonyeza apakhungu

zomera oimira osati kulenga zinthu zofunika pa moyo wa zamoyo zina, koma iwo zikukangalika zimakhudza zinthu abiotic. Choncho, chifukwa nkhalango zedi nkhalango zotentha ndi ku Siberia kumene kuli anthu ndi nambala yaikulu zamoyo m'madera amenewa wapadera microclimate zomera analenga-photosynthesis.

Iwo amakhala ndi kutentha omasuka ndi chinyezi mulingo woyenera. Izi kuli ndi ubwino pa moyo wa nyama, mbalame ndi tizilombo - okhala nkhalango zotentha ndi nayonso. kugwirizana apakhungu zitsanzo za zimene takambirana pamwambapa, amasonyeza kuti iwo zimapezeka mu m'chilengedwe zachilengedwe, pamodzi ndi ankachita trophic.

Kubverana zamoyo mu Arctic biocenosis

Zosangalatsa za kulumikizana apakhungu kungachititse pamene kuphunzira zachilengedwe zovuta za Arctic. Mu kasupe Titafika pamalo ndi pa zilumba za Ocean Arctic ntchentche nambala yaikulu nyanja mbalame: guillemots, eiders, guillemots. Iwo amapanga madera mbalame. M'nthawi ya dzira-atagona (mochedwa May - oyambirira June) mbalame kutenga ovuta, atakhala ledges anabala ali pafupi kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake. Anansi waterfowl sizachilendo ogwirira - kadzidzi woyera.

Iwo samangokhala kudyetsa guillemots awo aang'ono ndi murres, komanso kuteteza dera lonse la waterfowl kukaikira mazira kwa adani nkhandwe ndi adani. kugwirizana apakhungu zitsanzo za zimene takambirana pamwambapa, zimathandiza kuti kupulumuka kwa anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana tikukhala mu kwambiri zinthu nyengo ya zone kozizira.

Features mapangidwe ubale apakhungu mu biocenosis nayonso

B. Beklemisheva amafufuza izo zatsimikiziridwa kuti maziko a ubale apakhungu pakati pa zamoyo ndi kusintha magawo a kuli anthu za mtundu womwewo chifukwa cha ntchito zamoyo za mitundu ina. Mwachitsanzo, akuluakulu a paini Siberia (Siberia mkungudza) anakopeka anthu ambiri a m'dera limeneli: agologolo, gologolo, sable ndipo, ndithudi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame. Mmodzi wa iwo - ndi nutcracker. Anthu mitundu ndi zowala ndi ndi yaitali ndi lakuthwa mulomo mbalame. Iwo kudya mtedza paini ndi kuzisunga pansi wosanjikiza nayonso Moss. Ndikuiwala za katundu awa, mbalame zimathandiza kuti kufala kwa mitundu chidali - Siberia mkungudza.

Mitundu ya maubwenzi zamoyo m'nkhalango deciduous

Tinkaphunzira kugwirizana apakhungu zitsanzo za mapangidwe zimene ife kuwunikira mu m'chilengedwe ya Arctic ndi nayonso, adzakhala chosakwanira ngati sitipeza kunja chakuti ubale zinthu zimenezi mtengo negative. Choncho, mu nkhalango thundu anthu Hymenoptera kakang'ono - ndulu mavu. Mavu ake akazi kubaya khungu la masamba thundu ndipo jekeseni wa parenchyma dzira. Mphutsi zimene zimaswa kwa izo allocates malovu, umene ndi nthenda kuchuluka kwa pepalalo, amatchedwa "ndulu". Mmenemo larva ndi otetezedwa bwino ndi adani ambiri, koma mbewu yokha kumachepetsa ntchito photosynthesis, monga masamba amakhudzidwa ndi mphutsi za tizilombo pa.

kulankhulana apakhungu zikuchitika pakati pa zamoyo - hydrobionts

A chitsanzo chapadera cha ankachita, izi asayansi Russian Beklemishev - apakhungu, atha kutumikira ngati ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya mitundu ina ya nsomba, dzina "okonza" padziko thupi la zikuluzikulu za m'madzi moyo - Nsombayi ndi anamgumi. Mwachitsanzo, mtundu uwu monga wrasse, kapena mitundu ina ya nkhanu zam'nyanja ndi anamwino anthu ambiri a m'nyanja ofunda. Shark khungu kawirikawiri kuonongeka ndi zinsomba parasitic nyama zonse zopanda mafupa, mwachitsanzo, sandhoppers, isopods. Kudya iwo, okonza kupulumutsa awo "makasitomala" ndi matenda opatsirana chifukwa cha tizilombo khungu tizilombo. Motero mitundu akhoza kupanga ndi anthu a mitundu ina osati chakudya mogwirizana, komanso bwanji kagayidwe ake, komanso ntchito kwambiri.

Kufotokoza tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti kugwirizana apakhungu, zitsanzo, ndi mapangidwe zomwe takambirana m'nkhani ino kupereka zovuta zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya ankachita - onse mwachindunji kapena kudzera m'njira zina pakati pa anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu m'chilengedwe zachilengedwe - biocenoses.