Nyama mafupa: makhalidwe ambiri ndi zithunzi

The mafupa a nyama zosiyanasiyana amasiyana Chrixitu. Kapangidwe timadalira pa malo ndi njira ya moyo ya ina chamoyo. Kodi wamba mu mafupa nyama? ndi osiyana bwanji? chimasiyanitsa mafupa anthu pa kapangidwe ka nyama zina zimene?

Mafupa - mchirikizo wa thupi

Olimba ndi kusintha kapangidwe ka mafupa, chichereŵechereŵe ndi Mitsemphayi mu thupi la munthu ndi nyama amatchedwa mafupa. Pamodzi ndi minofu ndi tendons ndipamene dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa imene zamoyo ikuyenda danga.

Makamaka kumafunikanso fupa ndi chichereŵechereŵe. Mu gawo zambiri olumikiza zimfundo makina ndi tendons kupanga coherent lonse. Olimba "chimango" za thupi sikuti zigwirizana mafupa ndi minofu chichereŵechereŵe, nthawi zina ndipamene chitin, keratin, kapena ngakhale laimu.

gawo la thupi Amazing ndi mafupa. Iwo cholimba kwambiri ndi lolimba, anatha kupirira katundu yaikulu, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kukhala kuwala. Pa mafupa wamng'ono thupi zotanuka ndi pa nthawi kukhala lofooka kwambiri ndi Chimaona.

nyama mafupa ndi mtundu wa chimene chili "m'kabati" mchere. Ngati thupi akumverera chosowa iwo, muyezo wa zinthu chofunika ndi kudzadza kwa mafupa. Mafupa ndi lopangidwa ndi madzi, mafuta, organic zinthu (polysaccharides, kolajeni), ndi mchere calcium, sodium, phosphorous, magnesium. Yeniyeni mipweya zimadalira mphamvu ya makamaka chamoyo.

kutanthauza mafupa

Thupi la anthu ndi nyama - ndi chipolopolo, mkati limene ziwalo zili. Mawonekedwe a chipolopolo ukupereka mafupa. Minofu ndi tendons amagwira mwachindunji kuti, kudula, iwo idzakungana zimfundo Amakhala kuyenda. Choncho, tingathe kuukitsa mwendo, mutu wanu, tsonga kapena kalikonse ndi dzanja.

Komanso, mafupa a nyama ndi anthu zimatetezedwa ndi minofu zofewa ndi ziwalo. Mwachitsanzo, nthiti ndi anabisidwa mu Mapapo ndi mtima; kutseka iwo mkwapulo (kumene, ngati nkhonya zamphamvu kwambiri). Chibade chindiletsa kuwonongeka m'malo osalimba ubongo.

Ena mwa mafupa ali mmodzi wa ziwalo zofunika kwambiri - mafupa. Mu anthu, kumatanthauza ndondomeko hematopoiesis, n'kupanga maselo ofiira. Komanso ndipamene maselo magazi woyera - maselo oyera amene ali ndi udindo chitetezo chokwanira thupi.

Kodi ndi pamene mafupa anayambitsa?

nyama mafupa ndi minofu ndi mafupa lonse dongosolo anatuluka mwa kusanduka. Malinga ndi wosasintha, ndi zamoyo Padziko Lapansi, sanali zipangizo zovuta. Kwa nthawi yaitali padziko lino analipo woyamba ndi ameba zolengedwa zofewa wamphamvu.

Kenako mu mlengalenga ndi hydrosphere a dziko anali kakhumi zochepa oxygen. Pa nthawi ina, Share mpweya anayamba kuculuka, akuthamanga asayansi kuganiza unyolo zimene kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, mu mchere zikuchokera nyanja chawonjezeka kuchuluka kwa calcite ndi aragonite. Nawonso, kudziunjikira ku zamoyo, kupanga olimba ndi zotanuka nyumba.

The zamoyo oyambirira amene anali mafupa chinapezeka mwa strata miyala ya laimu miyala Namibia, Siberia, Spain ndi kwina. Iwo kumene kuli nyanja za miliyoni 560 zaka zapitazo. Zamoyo mu dongosolo lawo anafanana thonje ndi thupi yamphamvu ngati. Kodi anabwerera radially ku matabwa yaitali (40 cm) kashiamu carbonate, amene anachita mbali ya mafupa a.

mitundu mafupa

Mu dziko nyama, pali mitundu itatu ya mafupa: lakunja, mkati ndi madzi. Kunja kapena exoskeleton Sichili chinthu chobisika pansi chivundikiro khungu kapena zimakhala ena, ndipo kwathunthu kapena pang'ono chimakwirira kunja kwa thupi nyama. Mu nyama zina exoskeleton? Iwo adzalandira arachnids, tizilombo, nkhanu, ndi ena inakhala.

Ngati zida, izo amachita makamaka ntchito yake zomuteteza, koma nthawi zina kutumikira monga malo kwa thupi (kamba chipolopolo kapena nkhono). mafupa a munthu ameneyu ali drawback kwambiri. Iye sizikula pamodzi ndi mwini, kupanga nyama amakakamizidwa nthawi bwererani ndi kukula chivundikiro latsopano. Nthawi zina m'thupi akapanda chitetezo mwachizolowezi ndipo osatetezeka.

Endoskeleton - ndi eni mafupa nyama. Iye chidafundidwa ndi nyama ndi khungu. Iwo ali linapangidwira zambiri, ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi kukula imodzi ndi chamoyo wonse. Endoskeleton lagawidwa ndi kutsinde gawo (msana, Chigaza, nthiti) ndi zina kapena zotumphukira (miyendo ndi mafupa lamba).

Madzi kapena hydrostatic mafupa akufalitsa osachepera. Iwo adzatenga modabwitsa, nyongolotsi, anemones nyanja ndi T. D. ndi akulu khoma, wodzazidwa ndi madzi. Madzimadzi kuthamanga amakhala mawonekedwe a thupi. Pamene minofu chidule kuthamanga zimasiyanasiyana, chifukwa mu kayendedwe ka thupi.

Mu nyama zina alibe mafupa?

M'lingaliro watsiku ndi mafupa - izo ndi eni thupi chimango, akonzedwa a mafupa ndi chichereŵechereŵe kuti apange Chigaza, miyendo msana. Komabe, pali ya zinthu kuti alibe mbali awa, ena a iwo alibe mawonekedwe enieni. Koma kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti iwo alibe mafupa konse?

Zhan Batist Lamark kale ogwirizana iwo mu gulu lalikulu la invertebrates, koma kupatula kupanda msana, nyama china chirichonse ofanana. Tsopano amadziwika kuti zamoyo ngakhale zokhala ndi selo imodzi ndi mafupa.

Mwachitsanzo, radiolarians tichipeza chitin, silika kapena strontium sulphate ndi mkatikati mwa selo. Mu mafupa matanthwe kungakhale hydrostatic, mkati kapena kunja mapuloteni laimu. Nyongolotsi, modabwitsa ndipo ena nkhono iye hydrostatic.

chiwerengero cha nkhono mafupa ndi chipolopolo akunja ali mawonekedwe. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matabwa ake ndi osiyana. Childs, izo limapangidwa zigawo zitatu wapangidwa ndi mapuloteni conchiolin ndi calcium carbonate. Tikafika ndi bivalves (mamazelo, nkhono) ndi mpukutu ndi swirls ndi masingano zina carbonate ndi minga.

arthropoda

arthropods lembani limanenanso invertebrates. Ichi ndi ochuluka kuposa gulu la nyama, zomwe integrates nkhanu, arachnids, tizilombo millipedes. thupi lawo ndi symmetrical, ali awiri miyendo ndi lagawidwa zigawo.

Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mafupa nyama - kunja. Limafotokoza thupi lonse monga cuticle munali chitin. The cuticle ndi chipolopolo zovuta, amene amateteza aliyense nyama gawo. wandiweyani madera ake sclerites zambiri inakula makina mofewa Kakhungu.

Mu cuticle tizilombo ndi wolimba wandiweyani, tichipeza zigawo zitatu. Padziko ndipamene tsitsi (Heta), spikes, bristles ndi protuberances zosiyanasiyana. Pa arachnids cuticle zimakhalanso woonda ndi zizindikiro khungu wosanjikiza ndi Kakhungu woyambira. Kuwonjezera chitetezo, chimateteza nyama tisataye chinyezi.

Mu nkhanu dziko ndi woodlice palibe kunja wosanjikiza wandiweyani kuti lofotokozabe chinyezi mu thupi. Kuyambira kuyanika amapulumutsa iwo okha njira ya moyo - nyama mowirikiza kuyesetsa malo ndi chinyezi mkulu.

mafupa chordates

Poyambira - eni ofananira chigoba mapangidwe, fupa kotenga chingwe thupi chimango. Kupezeka pa chordates, amene awerenge oposa 40 000 mitundu. Zikuphatikizapo invertebrates ndi amene poyambira alipo mu nyengo zina za magawo kakulidwe.

M'ziwalo m'munsi wa gulu (Amphioxus, cyclostomes ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba) notochord amalimbikira moyo. Mu Amphioxus ndi pakati m'matumbo ndi chubu ubongo. Amakhala ndi mbale yopingasa minofu, amene amacheza ndi chipolopolo ndi olumikizidwa kwa zokhudzana mzake. Kudzikayikira ndi ulesi, chimagwirira ntchito ngati mafupa hydrostatic.

Mu cyclostomes poyambira olimba ndipo ali ndi zoyambira za vertebrae lapansi. Iwo wophatikizidwa miyendo, nsagwada. mafupa The aumbike mwa yekha minofu connective ndi chichereŵechereŵe. A iwo anapanga Chigaza, kuwala chipsyepsye ndi openwork latisi makutu nyama. Language cyclostomes ali ndi mafupa pamwamba pa thupi ndi dzino, amene perforate kupanga nyama.

inakhala

Pa oimira apamwamba poyambira ofananira timafupa kwasanduka msana - mchitidwe kubala mafupa m'mimba. Ndi mtengo kusintha, wopangidwa mwa fupa (vertebrae), amene olumikizidwa kwa zimbale ndi cartilages. Monga ulamuliro, izo anapatukana mu zigawo.

Kapangidwe mafupa inakhala kobvuta kwambiri poyerekeza ndi poyambira zina ndi Komanso ndi nyama zonse zopanda mafupa. Anthu onse gulu yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa chimango lamkati. Ndi chitukuko ya ubongo ndi ubongo apangidwa Bony achigaza. Ndipo maonekedwe a msana kupereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha chingwe msana ndi misempha.

Chokani kwa msana wophatikizidwa ndi malekezero unpaired. Unpaired kuimira michira ndi zipsepse ndi wophatikizidwa ogaŵikana lamba (pamwamba ndi pansi) ndi mafupa wa miyendo ufulu (zipsepse kapena miyendo zisanu atagwira).

nsomba

Izi mafupa peresenti tichipeza zigawo ziwiri: thunthu ndi mchira. Nsombayi, kuwala ndi chimeras alibe mafupa. mafupa awo unapangidwa chichereŵechereŵe kusintha, kenako kudziunjikira anajambulapo ndi kukhala firmer.

Otsala nsomba fupa mafupa. Chichereŵechereŵe interlayer inali pakati pa vertebrae lapansi. Kutsogolo kwa iwo achoke nthambi mbali kudutsa mu nthiti. Nsomba Chigaza, mosiyana ndi nyama lapadziko, ali woposa makumi anayi zinthu makina.

Pakhosi semicircle wazungulira 3 mpaka 7 gill zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso zomwe zili pakati pa slits gill. Kunja kupanga makutu. Iwo ndi nsomba zonse, mtundu umodzi wokha wa chichereŵechereŵe minofu, pamene ena - fupa.

Chokani kwa msana wa utali wozungulira zipsepse ndi zolumikizana Kakhungu. Wophatikizidwa zipsepse - pectoral ndi m'chiuno, unpaired - kumatako, dorsal, caudal. chiwerengero chawo ndi mtundu zosiyanasiyana.

Achule ndi zokwawa

Achule limapezeka khomo lachiberekero ndi sacral m'madera amene amakhala 7 200 vertebrae. Mbali ya achule ali caudal dera ena mchira kumeneko, koma wophatikizidwa miyendo. Iwo amasunthira kudumpha, kotero miyendo yakumbuyo imakula.

Mitundu tailless palibe nthiti. Kuyenda kwa mutu imapereka linkawonongeka khomo lachiberekero, amene anaphatikiza kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mu msana thoracic kuoneka tsamba, phewa, mapewa, mkono wonse wakumanja ndi manja. dipatimenti ali iliac m'chiuno, obisika ndipo ischial fupa. Ndi miyendo yakumbuyo ndi drumstick, ntchafu, phazi.

Mafupa zapoizoni, kwambiri, lili ndi ziwalo izi, complicating msana chachisanu - lumbar. Ali pakati pa 50 ndi 435 vertebrae. Chibade zambiri ossified. gawo Caudal ndiyo kwenikweni pano, vertebrae ake ndi kuchepetsedwa kuti mapeto.

Akamba ndi exoskeleton mu mawonekedwe a chipolopolo cholimba zopangidwa keratin ndi M'kati mwa fupa. Nsagwada akamba wopanda mano. Njoka alibe sternum, mapewa ndi m'chiuno lamba, ndipo m'mphepete ogwirizana kudutsa kutalika kwa msana, kuwonjezera pa dera caudal. kukamwa kwawo ogwirizana ndi mafoni kwambiri, kumeza nyama zikuluzikulu.

mbalame

Makamaka mbalame mafupa kukuchitika chifukwa ndi luso kuuluka mu mitundu ina ndi kuti azolowere akuthamanga, pamadzi, kukwera pa nthambi ndi pamalo choimirira. Mu mbalame, asanu a msana. Gawo la msana khomo lachiberekero ogwirizana flexibly, m'madera ena a msana nthawi zambiri zinaphatikizidwa.

mafupa ao ndi kuwala ndipo ena pang'ono wodzazidwa ndi mpweya. Khosi elongated mbalame (10-15 vertebrae). Chigaza awo kwathunthu, popanda seams, kutsogolo kwa mulomo a. The mawonekedwe ndi kutalika mulomo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi zokhudza ndondomeko ya zakudya za nyama.

The chipangizo chachikulu ndege ndi muyezo. Izi outgrowth Bony pansi pa sternum, amene anaphatikiza minofu pectoral. Kiel yapangidwa mbalame ndi anyani chakuwuluka. Kapangidwe ka peresenti kugwirizana ndi ndege kapena kukumba (timadontho-timadontho ndi zibonga) chigoba, kumakhalanso pano. Iye si nthiwatiwa kadzidzi Chingolopiyo.

The miyendo kutsogolo kwa mbalame - mapiko. Iwo amakhala ndi wakuda ndi amphamvu humerus, chigongono anawerama ndi mtengo wochepa thupi. The burashi mafupa ena zinaphatikizidwa pamodzi. Onse kupatula nthiwatiwa, m'chiuno mafupa obisika si zinaphatikizidwa ndi mzake. Popeza mbalame akhoza kuika mazira lalikulu.

nyama

Tsopano pali 5500 mitundu ya nyama, monga anthu. mamembala onse a kalasi mafupa mkati lagawidwa m'magawo asanu ndi zikuphatikizapo Chigaza, msana, chifuwa, m'chiuno chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi malekezero. Mu armadillos ndi exoskeleton monga chigoba cha matabwa angapo.

Chibade nyama zikuluzikulu, pali cheekbone, sekondale Bony m'kamwa ndi nthunzi ng'oma fupa, amene kulibe nyama zina. lamba Upper makamaka limapangidwa paddles, clavicle, phewa, dzanja ndi forearm (ku dzanja, metacarpal, phalanges zala ndi). Woyendera nthambi m'munsi tichipeza ntchafu, atavalanso zoteteza, phazi ndi tarsal, metatarsal ndi zala. Kusiyana kwambiri mu kalasi ndi kuonekera lamba.

Agalu ndi akavalo palibe masamba ndi collarbones. Ife titasindikiza dipatimenti femoral ndi humeral zibisika m'thupi, ndi miyendo-atagwira asanu ogwirizana ndi Kakhungu ndi zipsepse ngati. Mileme kuuluka ngati mbalame. zala zawo (koma) kwambiri anawonjezera ndi kulumikizana kuchokera nembanemba khungu, kupanga phiko.

Kodi osiyana za munthu?

mafupa anthu ali m'magulu chomwecho monga nyama zina. Malinga ndi dongosolo la uli wofanana ndi wa anyani. Koma mosiyana ndi iwo, miyendo anthu manja yaitali. Thupi lonse zochokera vertically, mutu amakhala kunja kutsogolo, nyama.

Gawo mu dongosolo achigaza ndi yokulirapo kuposa anyani. zida chibwano, Tikawonetsetsa ang'onoang'ono ndi wamfupi mano ndi kuchepetsedwa mano okutidwa ndi enamel zozitetezera. Mwamuna ali ndi chibwano, anamaliza Chigaza, alibe zikope mosalekeza.

Tilibe mchira. Baibulo wake achikalekale anapereka 4-5 coccyx vertebrae. Mosiyana ndi nyama, ndi thorax si flattened mbali ziwiri, ndi kukodzedwa. chala choyamba zimatsutsana ndi ena burashi ndi slidably chikugwirizana ndi polumikizira.