Zisudzo mathanki mu dziko. Woyamba maphatikizidwe riyakitala

Masiku ano, m'mayiko ambiri nawo mbali mu kafukufuku maphatikizidwe. atsogoleri ndi European Union, United States, Russia ndi Japan, pamene pulogalamu China, Brazil, Canada ndi Korea ndi kuwonjezeka mofulumira. Poyamba, maphatikizidwe mathanki mu United States ndi Soviet Union zinali kugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha zida za nyukiliya anakhalabe chinsinsi mpaka msonkhano "maatomu Mtendere", umene unachitikira ku Geneva mu 1958. Pambuyo polenga Union tokamak kafukufuku wa maphatikizidwe nyukiliya mu 1970 izo wakhala "chachikulu sayansi". Koma mtengo ndi kuvuta zipangizo chawonjezeka moti mgwirizano padziko lonse unali mwayi kokha kupita chitsogolo.

Zisudzo mathanki mu dziko

Popeza 1970, ndi chiyambi cha ntchito malonda maphatikizidwe mphamvu zonse kulephereka kwa zaka 40. Komabe, zinthu zambiri zinachitika m'zaka zaposachedwapa, kupanga nthawi imeneyi mwina adzafupikitsidwa.

Anamanga tokamaks angapo, kuphatikizapo ndege European, British ndi mlongoti nyukiliya Experimental riyakitala TFTR ku Princeton, USA. The padziko lonse ITER ntchito panopa ikumangidwa ku Cadarache, France. Iwo adzakhala tokamak waukulu umene udzagwira ntchito mu zaka 2020. Mu 2030, China adzamangira CFETR, umene kuposa ITER. Nthawiyi, China amachita kafukufuku pa experimental superconducting tokamak East.

Zisudzo mathanki mtundu - stellarators - umakopa mwa ofufuza. Mmodzi wa waukulu LHD, limodzi ndi Japanese Institute National kwa Fusion mu 1998. Izo ntchito kufufuza kasinthidwe yabwino ya maginito plasma m'ndende. German Max Planck Institute for nthawi kuchokera 1988 mpaka 2002, anachititsa kafukufuku pa Wendelstein 7-AS riyakitala mu Garching, ndipo tsopano - pa Wendelstein 7-X, ntchito yomanga yomwe inatenga zaka zoposa 19. Wina stellarator TJII unagwira ntchito Madrid, Spain. Mu United States Princeton zasayansi plasma sayansi (PPPL), kumene anamanga woyamba nyukiliya maphatikizidwe riyakitala wa mtundu uwu mu 1951, mu 2008, iyo inaleka yomanga NCSX chifukwa mtengo overruns ndi kusowa kwa ndalama.

Komanso, zimene akwanitsa kwambiri kufufuza za maphatikizidwe inertial. Kumanga National poyatsira malo (NIF) mtengo $ 7 biliyoni pa Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), zolipirira ndi Administration National nyukiliya Security, linamalizidwa mu March 2009, French laser Mégajoule (LMJ) anayamba ntchito mu October 2014. Zisudzo makina amene ntchito lasers anapulumutsa mkati billionths angapo a chachiwiri pafupifupi 2 miliyoni joules mphamvu kuwala chandamale kukula kwa millimeters angapo kuyamba maphatikizidwe nyukiliya. Cholinga chachikulu cha NIF ndi LMJ ndi kafukufuku kuthandiza ndondomeko zida za nyukiliya.

ITER

Mu 1985, boma la Soviet Union akufuna kumanga lotsatira m'badwo tokamak pamodzi ndi Europe, Japan ndi United States. Ntchito kunachitidwa pansi pa mothandizidwa ndi IAEA. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1988 mpaka mu 1990 izo analengedwa ndi drafts woyamba wa bungwe la International nyukiliya Experimental riyakitala ndi ITER, amene amatanthauza "njira" kapena "maulendo" mu Latin, kuti nditsimikizire kuti maphatikizidwe zingabweretse mphamvu zoposa izo zimatenga. Canada ndi Kazakhstan anatenga gawo nkhoswe ndi Euratom ndi Russia, motero.

Patatha zaka 6 Council ITER ovomerezeka woyamba zovuta riyakitala mamangidwe zochokera sayansi anakhazikitsa ndi luso mtengo $ 6 biliyoni. Ndiye US anachoka Consortium, amene anakakamizika halve ndalama ndi kusintha ntchitoyo. Izi zinachititsa ITER-ft mtengo $ 3 biliyoni. Koma mukhoza kukwaniritsa kudzikonda opatsa anachita, ndi muyezo zabwino mphamvu.

Mu 2003, United States kamodzinso limodzi ndi Consortium, ndipo China analengeza chawo chofuna angapezekeko. Chifukwa, m'ma 2005, abwenzi anagwirizana pa ntchito yomanga ITER pa Cadarache kum'mwera France. EU ndi France apanga theka la EUR biliyoni 12,8, pamene Japan, China, Korea South, United States ndi Russia - 10% lililonse. Japan amapereka zigawo mkulu zili unsembe ndalama IFMIF 1 biliyoni anafuna zipangizo mayesero ndi ufulu chilili lotsatira mayeso riyakitala. The mtengo okwana ITER zikuphatikizapo mtengo theka la zomangamanga 10-chaka ndi theka - pa zaka 20 ntchito. India anadzakhala membala wa chisanu ndi chiwiri ITER kumapeto 2005

The zatsopano ndi kuyamba mu 2018 ntchito haidrojeni pofuna kupewa kutsegula ya maginito ya. Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi a m'magazi Deuteronomo ndi sayembezereka pamaso 2026

Cholinga ITER - kukhazikitsa 500 megawatt (masekondi osachepera pa 400) ntchito zosakwana 50 MW athandizira mphamvu popanda magetsi.

Dvuhgigavattnaya pachiwonetsero chionetsero mbewu udzabala zikuluzikulu yopanga magetsi momaliziratu. Pachiwonetsero cilamulo kapangidwe zikakwaniritsidwa ndi 2017, ndi kumanga ake adzayamba mu 2024. Start chichitike mu 2033.

kwakusiyana

Mu 1978, EU (Euratom, Sweden ndi Switzerland) ayamba limodzi European ntchito ndege ku UK. Kwakusiyana panopa waukulu opaleshoni tokamak mu dziko. Chotero riyakitala JT 60 ukugwira ntchito mwa Japanese Institute National wa maphatikizidwe, koma ndege angagwiritse ntchito deuterium-tritium mafuta.

The riyakitala unayambitsidwa mu 1983 ndipo anali kuyesera yoyamba imene ankalamulira nyukiliya maphatikizidwe 16 MW unachitikira mu November 1991 lachiwiri 5 MW ndi mphamvu khola ku plasma deuterium-tritium. Zimene ambiri akhala akufufuza kuphunzira osiyana Kutentha madera ndiponso njira zina.

patsogolo Komanso nkhawa ndi ndege kuonjezera mphamvu. Mlongoti yaying'ono riyakitala chimakula ndi ndege ndi ITER ndi mbali ya polojekiti.

K-STAR

K-STAR - Korea superconducting tokamak Institute National kwa Fusion Studies (NFRI) mu Daejeon, amene amapangidwa madzi koyamba mu m'ma 2008. Izi ndi woyendetsa ntchito ITER, yomwe ndi chotsatira mgwirizano padziko lonse. Tokamak utali wozungulira 1.8 mamita - woyamba riyakitala ntchito superconducting maginito Nb3Sn, yemwe zidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu ITER. Pa gawo loyamba, imene inatha mu 2012, K-STAR anali kutsimikizira viability ya umisiri zikuluzikulu ndi kukwaniritsa plasma zimachitika nthawi kuti masekondi 20. Mu gawo lachiwiri (2013-2017) ikuchitika kuphunzira wamakono ake nyemba yaitali m mpaka 300 mode H, ndi kusintha kwa kwambiri AT-mode. Cholinga cha gawo lachitatu (2018-2023) ndi kukwaniritsa ntchito yapamwamba ndi dzuwa mu mode yaitali zimachitika. Mu sitepe 4 (2023-2025) adzayesedwa pachiwonetsero luso. chipangizo si amatha kugwira ntchito ndi tritium Deuteronomo ndi mafuta ntchito.

K-pachiwonetsero

Zokha mogwirizana ndi Princeton Madzi a m'magazi Physics Laboratory (PPPL) US Department of Energy ndi South Korea Institute NFRI, K-pachiwonetsero akhale sitepe yotsatira kwa chilengedwe cha mathanki malonda pambuyo ITER, ndipo adzakhala woyamba magetsi angathe kupoletsa mphamvu kwa gululi magetsi, ndicho, 1 miliyoni kilowatts kwa masabata angapo. awiri yake idzakhala 6,65 m, ndipo adzakhala ndi bulangeti gawo kwaiye ndi ntchito pachiwonetsero. Unduna wa Maphunziro, Sayansi ndi Technology wa Korea akufuna kuti aganyali pafupifupi thililiyoni imodzi Korea won ($ 941 miliyoni).

East

Chinese woyendetsa bwino superconducting tokamak (East) mu Institute of Physics ku China Hefee analenga wa hydrogen plasma kutentha 50 miliyoni ° C ndi osachisunga masekondi 102.

TFTR

The American zasayansi PPPL experimental nyukiliya riyakitala TFTR ntchito kuchokera mu 1982 mpaka 1997. Mu December 1993, iye anakhala munthu woyamba TFTR maginito tokamak, amene anapanga zinthu zatsopano yaikulu ndi madzi a m'magazi a deuterium-tritium. Mu izi, a riyakitala anapanga mbiri pamene onse olamulidwa mphamvu 10,7 MW, ndipo mu 1995, nkhani ya kutentha anali akwaniritsa mpweya ionized miliyoni 510 ° C. Komabe, unsembe analephera breakeven maphatikizidwe mphamvu, koma bwinobwino anakwaniritsa cholinga kupanga hardware, kupanga chopereka kwambiri kuti ITER.

LHD

LHD mu Japanese Institute National kwa maphatikizidwe nyukiliya ku Toki, Gifu Prefecture, anali stellarator waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Kuyambira maphatikizidwe riyakitala chinachitika mu 1998, ndipo iye anasonyeza khalidwe la madzi m'ndende, mofanana makhazikitsidwe aakulu. Iwo anali atafika 13.5 keV ion kutentha (pafupifupi 160 miliyoni ° C) ndi mphamvu ya 1,44 MJ.

Wendelstein 7-X

Patatha chaka kuyezetsa, kuyambira kumapeto 2015, ndi helium kutentha mu nthawi yochepa wafika 1 miliyoni ° C. Mu 2016 The riyakitala nyukiliya ndi madzi ndi wa hydrogen ntchito 2 MW, kutentha anafika 80 miliyoni ° C kwa kotala a lachiwirilo. W7-X stellarator ndi yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse ndipo anakonza kuti ntchito mosalekeza kwa mphindi 30. Mtengo wa riyakitala anakwana € 1 biliyoni.

NIF

National poyatsira malo (NIF) mu linamalizidwa mu March 2009, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) chaka. Pogwiritsa ntchito 192 laser matabwa, ndi NIF amatha moonetsetsa mphamvu nthawi 60 kuposa dongosolo akale laser.

Cold maphatikizidwe

Mu March 1989, akatswiri awiri, American Stenli Pons ndi Martin Fleischmann Briton, anati iwo anapezerapo losavuta kompyuta ozizira maphatikizidwe riyakitala, ntchito firiji. ndondomeko munali mu electrolysis wa madzi lolemera ntchito palladium elekitirodi imene mtima deuterium anali anaikira ndi osalimba mkulu. Ofufuzawa amati umabala kutentha, sipangakhalenso anafotokoza yekha mu mawu njira nyukiliya, komanso panali mbali mankhwala a kaphatikizidwe, kuphatikizapo helium, tritium ndi neutrons. Komabe, experimenters ena analephera motsanzira nkhani imeneyi. Ambiri mwa asayansi sakhulupirira kuti ozizira maphatikizidwe makina amene ali weniweni.

zochita Low-mphamvu nyukiliya

Anayambika ndi zonena za "ozizira maphatikizidwe" Kafukufuku anapitiriza m'munda wa otsika mphamvu zochita nyukiliya, ndi zina thandizo wazotsatira, koma si ambiri amavomereza sayansi. Zikuoneka ofooka nyukiliya ankachita (osati mphamvu, monga fission nyukiliya kapena kaphatikizidwe) ntchito kulenga ndi adani a neutrons. Zatsopano monga malowedwe a haidrojini kapena deuterium mwa chothandizira bedi ndipo anachita ndi zitsulo. Ofufuzawa lipoti anaona mphamvu kumasulidwa. Waukulu othandiza chitsanzo ndi zimene a hydrogen ndi ufa faifi tambala ndi kutentha, chiwerengero cha amene ali wamkulu kuposa angapereke mankhwala anachita iliyonse.