Computer Charles Babbage. Wambiri, malingaliro ndi zoyambitsidwa za Charles Babbage

Charlz Bebbidzh - English masamu ndi zatsopano, amene analenga woyamba basi digito kompyuta. Komanso, anathandiza kulenga masiku English dongosolo makalata ndipo anali woyamba odalirika actuarial matebulo, anatulukira mtundu wa speedometer ndi sitima puteochistitel.

Wambiri ya Charles Babbage

Anabadwira ku London pa December 26, 1791 banja bwenzi banki a Praeds Benjamin Babbage, mwini Bitton Malo mu Teignmouth ndi Betsi Plamli mtundu. Mu 1808 banja zokakhala ku Old Road House ili East Teignmouth, ndipo bambo wake anali ndi Woyang'anira St. Michael mpingo oyandikana.

Atate Charles anali munthu wolemera, kotero iye akhoza kuphunzira sukulu ochepa osankhika. Pa zaka 8 anayenera kupita ku sukulu mudzi kuchira matenda oopsa. makolo ake anaganiza kuti ubongo wake, "sayenera kuti Usatong'olere kwambiri." Malinga Babbage, "idleness ili lalikulu zinachititsa kuti ena mwa kulingalira ana ake."

Kenako sukulu Mfumu Edward VI mu Totnes, South Devon, wotukuka mabuku sukulu, amene umagwira lero, koma ukupeza nthawi kukakamiza Charles kutembenukira kwa aphunzitsi payekha. Potsiriza iye anafika anatseka Academy 30 asukulu, kutsogozedwa ndi M'busa Stiven Friman. Bungweli lili ndi laibulale yaikulu, yomwe Babbage ntchito kudziletsa kuphunzira masamu ndipo anaphunzira kukonda. Atachoka Academy, iye anali awathandize bwinobwino awiri patokha. Mmodzi wa iwo anali wansembe wa Cambridge, limene chiphunzitso cha Charles anayankha motere: ". Ndikuopa kuti ine sanandiphunzitse ubwino onse kuti akhoza kupeza" Winayo anali pulofesa Oxford. Iye anawaphunzitsa zapamwamba za Charles Babbage, kuti akalandiridwe kuti Cambridge.

Kuphunzira pa yunivesite

Mu October 1810 Babbage anafika ku Cambridge ndi kuphunzira pa yunivesite ya Trinity. Iye anali ndi maphunziro kwambiri - Lagrange ankadziwa Leibniz, Lacroix, Simpson ndipo kwambiri anakhumudwa zilipo mapulogalamu masamu. Choncho, ndi John Herschel, George Nkhanu, ndi abwenzi ena anaganiza kupanga Analytical Society.

Pamene 1812 Babbage kunditumiza ku Peter House Cambridge, iye anali masamu bwino; koma sanaphunzire ulemu. digiri aulemu analandira m'tsogolo, ngakhale popanda kudutsa mayeso mu 1814.

Mu 1814 Charlz Bebbidzh anakwatira Georgiana Whitmore. atate wake, pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, konse nadalitsa. Banja ankakhala mu mtendere London, pa Devonshire Street, 5. atatu okha a ana asanu ndi atatu anapulumuka bwino pamene akukula.

Atate Charles, mkazi wake ndi mmodzi wa ana ake anafa mu 1827.

ntchito kompyuta

Mu masiku a Charles Babbage mu mawerengedwe a matebulo masamu zambiri ife amalakwa, choncho anaganiza kupeza njira zatsopano omwe akanachita izo umakaniko, kuchotsa cholakwa anthu. lingaliro anabadwa mwa iye ndi wake m'banda, mu 1812.

zinthu zitatu zosiyana mukopedwe kuvomereza posankha zoti:

• Sanasangalale kusasamala ndiponso inaccuracy;
• zinali zosavuta logarithmic magome;
• Ife anauziridwa ndi ntchito analipo kuwerengetsa makina W. Schickard, B. Pascal ndi Leibniz.

mfundo chipangizo mawerengedwe, iye takambirana mu kalata Sir H. Davy pa chiyambi cha 1822.

injini kusiyana

Babbage anapereka anaitcha "kusiyana injini", ndi Royal zakuthambo Society June 14, 1822 mu pepala lotchedwa "Ndemanga pa ntchito makina masovedwe matebulo zakuthambo ndi masamu." Iye atadziwa polynomials ntchito njira n'zosangalatsa kumva wotchedwa kusiyana.

Society ovomerezeka lingaliro, ndipo mu 1823 boma iye mapaundi 1,500 kwa yomanga ake. Babbage anapanga chimodzi mwa zipinda za msonkhano wake kunyumba ganyu Dzhozefa Klementa kuti ntchito yomanga chipangizo. Chiwalo zinkayenera kuti zichitidwe pamanja mothandizidwa ndi zipangizo wapadera, ndipo ambiri mwa iye zachitika. Charles anapanga zambiri ankapita ku makampani mafakitale kuti akumvetseni bwino njira yopanga. Kuchokera pa maulendo izi ndi zimene anakumana nazo polenga makina mu 1832 Babbage lofalitsidwa pepala "Pa chuma cha makina ndi kupanga." Zinali buku loyamba masiku ano amatchedwa "gulu sayansi yopanga."

Personal mavuto ulendo Europe

imfa mkazi Georgiana Mulungu, bambo a Charles Babbage ndi mwana wake linasokonekera kumanga 1827. Jobs kwambiri akuthodwa, ndipo iye anali pafupi kugwa. Dzhon Gershel anzanu angapo kukhulupirira Babbage muyende ulendo wopita ku Europe Kukuthandiza Anthu Odwala. Iye anachoka ku Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy, kuyendera mayunivesite ndi mafakitale.

Mu Italy, anaona kuti anaikidwa Lucasian Professor wa Masamu pa University Cambridge. Poyamba, iye ankafuna kupereka, koma abwenzi anamukakamiza iye ayi. Atabwerera ku England mu 1828 anasamukira Dorset Street, 1.

Ndinayambanso

Pa pakalibe Kusiyana Engine ntchito Babbage zachitikira pansi moto. Mphekesera kuti adamwaza ndalama boma kuti makina sachiza ndipo kuti adzakhala ziribe mphamvu zothandiza ngati anali. Dzhon Gershel ndi Royal Society ali poyera kumbuyo polojekiti. Boma anapitiriza thandizo ake powapatsa £ 1,500 April 29, 1829 mapaundi 3,000 December 3, ndi February chomwecho 24, 1830. Ntchito Anapitiriza, koma Babbage zonse anali vuto ndalama mosungiramo.

Kusiyidwa polojekiti

Mavuto azachuma a Charles Babbage chinachitikira pamodzi aggravation wa maganizo ndi Clement. Babbage nyumba zawo anamanga awiri-storey, msonkhano 15-mita yaitali. Iye ndi denga galasi kuunikira, komanso fireproof oyera malo osungira makina. Clement anakana kusuntha mu shopu yatsopano ndipo adamfunsa ndalama kuzungulira mzinda kuyang'anira ntchito. Poyankha Babbage anamuitana kulandira malipiro mwachindunji ku Treasury. Clement anakana ndipo anasiya ntchito pa polojekiti.

Komanso, iye anakana kuti akapereke zojambula ndi zipangizo ntchito polenga Kusiyana Engine. Pambuyo pakuika £ 23,000, kuphatikizapo £ 6,000 za kusasiyana Babbage, ntchito pa chipangizo yosatha unathera mu 1834. Mu 1842, boma mwalamulo anasiya ntchitoyo.

Charlz Bebbidzh ndi Analytical Engine

Kutali anayambitsa kusiyana Engine ndinayamba kuganizira za mtundu bwino. Pakati pa 1833 ndi 1842, Charles anali akuyesera kuti amange chipangizo kuti akhoza ma kubala mawerengedwe iliyonse, osati zokhudza maikwezhoni polenomiyo. The yojambula woyamba adadza pamene kunam'sintha linanena bungwe la zida pa athandizira ake njira zina za maikwezhoni. Iye ananena kuti makina amene "adya mchira yake." Iye sadatenga yaitali kuzindikira zinthu zazikulu olimbana mawunikidwe.

Charles Babbage kompyuta kulowa deta ndi malangizo kuwerengetsera zofunika ntchito makadi nkhonya, anaitenga ku Jacquard nsalu. zida The inali ndi zigawo ziwiri: mphero ndi kusunga. Mill, lolingana purosesa a kompyuta ano, kuchita ntchito pa deta analandira kuchokera zapamwamba, zimene kuonedwa monga chikumbukiro. Zinali yoyamba ambiri-cholinga kompyuta.

Computer Charles Babbage linakonzedwa mu 1835. The lonse ntchito analidi zosaneneka. Babbage ndi kudzathandiza angapo analenga 500 kapangidwe zojambula lalikulu, 1,000 mapepala zizindikiro makina ndi mafotokozedwe a mapepala 7,000. Anamaliza mphero anali 4.6 mamita mkulu ndi 1.8 mamita awiri. Yosungirako 100 manambala akupempha 7.6 m. Pakuti makina awo latsopano Babbage anamanga tating'ono ting'ono mayeso. Kwathunthu makina siinamalizidwe. Mu 1842, pambuyo mobwerezabwereza anayesa atalephera kupeza ndalama boma, iye anatembenukira kwa Sir Robert Peel. Iye anakana ndipo m'malo anam'patsa knighthood. Babbage anakana. Iye anapitiriza kukweza ndi kusintha kapangidwe kwa zaka zambiri.

Wotchuka wa Lovelace

Mu October 1842 Federiko Luidzhi, Chitaliyana ambiri ndi masamu, anafalitsa nkhani za Analytical Engine. Augusta Ada King, wotchuka wa Lovelace, bwenzi nthawi yaitali Babbage, lotembenuzidwa ntchito m'Chingelezi. Charles anam'pempha kuti kupereka zolemba kusinthika. Pakati pa 1842 ndi 1843 angapo zolemba pamodzi olembedwa 7, utali wonse umene katatu kukula lenileni la nkhani. Mu mmodzi wa iwo Gahena Akukonzerani chakudya cha pulogalamu, amene Babbage analenga kuwerengera manambala Bernoulli. Inanso, iye analemba za zowombetsa mkota makina algebraic kuti sangathe kuchita ntchito ndi zizindikiro komanso manambala. Lovelace mwina woyamba kuzindikira cholinga wamba zipangizo Babbage, ndipo ena amaona kuti dziko loyamba kompyuta mapulogalamu. Iye anayamba kugwira ntchito pa bukhu, polongosola injini mawunikidwe mwatsatanetsatane, koma ndiribe nthawi kutsiriza izo.

zomangamanga chozizwitsa

Mu nthawi ya pakati pa October 1846 kuti March 1849 ya Babbage anayamba kupanga kusiyana chachiwiri za makina, ntchito chidziwitso wabweza kulenga kusanthula awo. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito zidutswa 8000 chokha, katatu zosakwana choyamba. Chinali chozizwitsa cha zomangamanga.

Mosiyana ndi kuwunika, zomwe iye nthawi zonse tweaked ndi kusinthidwa, wachiwiri Kusiyana Engine nditamaliza koyamba gawo chitukuko unaltered. M'tsogolo, anayambitsa sadayeserepo kumanga chipangizo.

24 zojambula anakhalabe mu miyala ya Museum of Science, mpaka malingaliro Charles Babbage anali akuyendera 1985-1991, chilengedwe cha munthu chachikulu chidole pa nthawi ya chikumbutso 200th wa kubadwa kwake. Makulidwe chipangizo anapanga 3.4 mamita m'litali, 2.1 mamita mu msinkhu ndi masentimita 46 kuya, ndi kulemera kwake - matani 2.6. malire olondola zinali zochepa ndi mfundo zimene chingapezeke pa nthawi.

zikayenda

Mu 1824, Babbage anapambana Zikho Gold wa Royal zakuthambo Society "chifukwa chidali chifuniro chake cha makina a kuwerengetsa masamu ndi zakuthambo matebulo".

Kuyambira 1828 mpaka 1839 Babbage anali Lucasian Professor wa Masamu pa Cambridge. Iye walemba kwa chiwerengero cha periodicals sayansi, ndipo linali lothandiza kwambiri pa chilengedwe cha zakuthambo Society mu 1820 ndi Statistical Society mu 1834.

Mu 1837, akulabadira 8 boma Bridgewater lonena "Pa mphamvu, nzeru ndi ubwino wa Mulungu akuwonetseredwa mu Creation", anafalitsa chinayi Bridgewater Treatise kuika atalemba kuti Mulungu, yokhala ndi mphamvuzonse ndiponso moyang'ana m'tsogolo, analenga wopanga malamulo Mulungu popanga malamulo ( kapena mapulogalamu) kenako pa mitundu nthawi yoyenera analenga, ndipo potero adzathetsa kufunika zozizwitsa nthawi iliyonse inafunika polenga zamoyo zina. Buku lili ochokera m'makalata woyambitsa ndi John Herschel pankhaniyi.

Charlz Bebbidzh komanso yapindula yodziwika cryptography. Iye ankaswa makina cipher; komanso cipher zambiri ofooka amene panopa limatchedwa Vigenère cipher. Oyamba Babbage icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito usilikali British ndi inafalitsidwa zaka zochepa. Motero, ufulu ulamuliro ankadutsa Frederick Kasiski, amene anabwera kwa chinthu chomwecho zaka zingapo zitatha.

Mu 1838 Babbage anatulukira puteochistitel, chitsulo kuti amamangiriridwa kutsogolo kwa sitima ya, Lambulani zotchinga njira ina. Iye anagwiritsitsa maphunziro ambiri a Wamkulu Western Railway Isambard Brunel Kingdoma.

Iye kamodzi kokha anayesa kulowa ndale pamene mu 1832 iye anachita nawo chisankho m'tauni ya Finsbury. Utatha voti, Babbage anatenga malo otsiriza.

Masamu ndi zatsopano, anafa October 18, 1871 pa msinkhu wa zaka 79.

Mbali makonzedwe yosatha makompyuta zidalengedwa mwa iye zilipo kukaona Science Museum ku London. Mu 1991 linamangidwa Kusiyana Engine pa maziko a zolinga zake zoyambirira, ndipo ntchito mwangwiro.