The ionization mphamvu atomu

Ionization mphamvu - khalidwe chachikulu cha maatomu. Izo zimatengera chikhalidwe ndi mphamvu kumangidwa mankhwala, chimene chingathe kupanga atomu. Kuchepetsa katundu zinthu (yosavuta) chimadaliranso khalidwe ili.

Lingaliro la "ionization mphamvu" nthawi zina m'malo mwa mawu akuti "woyamba ionization angathe» (I1), kuonetsanso kuti mphamvu zochepa, zomwe pofuna kuti elekitironi atachotsedwa atomu free, pamene ali mu mkhalidwe ngati mphamvu, wotchedwa m'munsi.

Makamaka, otchedwa mphamvu atomu wa hydrogen, amene ali wofunikila purotoni wa elekitironi detachment. Pakuti maatomu ndi ma elekitironi ochepa kulibe mfundo wachiwiri, wachitatu, etc. ionization Zoyenereza.

The ionization mphamvu ya atomu wa hydrogen - ndi kuchuluka kuti mawu amodzi ndi mphamvu ya elekitironi, ndi zina - mphamvu angathe dongosolo.

Mphamvu ya atomu wa hydrogen mankhwala ndiwo amaimira «EA» chizindikiro, ndi Uwerenge mphamvu angathe dongosolo ndi elekitironi mphamvu tingasonyezere mfundo: EA = E + T = -Ze / 2.R.

Mawu amenewa akusonyeza kuti mtendere wa dongosolo mwachindunji ndi mlandu nyukiliya ndi mtunda pakati ndi elekitironi. Ang'onoang'ono mtunda uyu, wamkulu mlandu pa phata, m'pamenenso iwo achotsedwa, ndi wolimba ndi wolimba dongosolo, ndi mphamvu zambiri ayenera imene yopuma kuti intaneti.

N'zoonekeratu kuti mlingo wa mphamvu ntchito pa chiwonongeko cha machitidwe kulankhulana angayerekezedwe bata: apamwamba a mphamvu, dongosolo wolimba kwambiri.

The ionization mphamvu ya maatomu - (mphamvu chofunika kuswa zomangira mu atomu wa hydrogen) inaŵerengeredwa ndi kuyesera. Masiku ano, mtengo wake amadziwika ndendende 13,6 EV (elekitironi volts). Kenako ofufuza, komanso kudzera mwa mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano anatha kuwerengera mphamvu chofunika wovulala chifukwa atomu - elekitironi machitidwe ongokhala elekitironi limodzi ndi phata la mlandu, kawiri mtengo wa atomu wa hydrogen. Pakuti experimental anapereka kuti zikachitika pamafunika 54,4 EV.

The odziwika malamulo electrostatic amatchula kuti ionization mphamvu chofunika kuphwanya ubale wa pakati pa milandu zotsutsana (Z ndipo e), malinga zili patali R, chili (anatsimikiza) mu aone kuti pali kuti: T = Zeboyimu / R.

mphamvu iyi amasankhidwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa milandu ndi Choncho, inversely njila kwa patali. Ichi ndi zachilendo: milandu zambiri, mphamvu za mphamvu kulumikiza iwo, wamphamvu kwambiri chofunika kuti azitha kuswa kugwirizana pakati pawo. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi mtunda: ang'onoang'ono ndi, mphamvu za ionization mphamvu, m'pamenenso adzayenera foloko kuswa kugwirizana.

Zimenezi akulongosola chifukwa dongosolo ndi mlandu kwambiri ndi phata la atomu khola ndipo amafunika mphamvu zambiri kuti amuchotsere elekitironi.

Funso yomweyo lakuti: "Ngati woyang'anira phata la kokha kawiri mphamvu, chifukwa ionization mphamvu chofunika kuchotsa ndi elekitironi, si adakulabe mu nthawi awiri ndi anayi chifukwa ndi wofanana ndi kawiri mtengo, kutenga lalikulu (54.4 / 13.6 = 4? )? ".

kutsutsana Zimenezi zalongosoledwa ndithu chabe. Ngati mlandu Z ndi E mu dongosolo ali mwagwirizana wachibale boma kulephera kuyenda, mphamvu (T) Ndi njila mlandu Z, ndipo kuchuluka mofanana.

Koma kachitidwe komwe elekitironi mlandu mauthenga ngale zimapangitsa motsatana ndi mlandu Z, ndi Z ndi nakweza mofanana yafupika utali wozungulira wa kasinthasintha R: elekitironi kwambiri kwambiri anakopeka pakati.

Yankho n'lodziwikiratu. Ionization mphamvu amachita pa mlandu nyukiliya, mtunda (utali wozungulira wa) ku phata ku chimbuzi cha lakunja elekitironi mlandu kachulukidwe; mphamvu chonyansa pakati pa ma elekitironi lakunja ndi elekitironi muyeso ozama luso.