Nkhondo ya Mtsinje Shelon. Nkhondo ya shelon 1471

Chifukwa ena amaganiza kuti ubwenzi olamulira a Russia kusiyana ndi kulemekezana ndi chikondi. Koma mfundo imeneyi ndi limatsutsa wankhanza zenizeni mbiri: nkhondo yapachiweniweni anali zachilendo, ndipo chikhumbo cha ufulu wa ena akalonga izi ufalikire. Ndi chitsimikizo chabwino kwambiri cha Nkhondo ya Mtsinje Shelon.

Background

nkhondo kunachitika mu 1471, July 14. Monga dzina lake likunenera, nkhondo kunachitika pa magombe a mtsinje Shelon (pafupifupi 30 kukafika kumadzulo kwa Nyanja Ilmen). Magulu omenyanawa anali gulu la Moscow ukulu ndi Novgorod Republic.

Chochitika mu funso kunayamba imene Ivan III, amene anaganiza kamodzi kwa nthawi zonse kutha ufulu Novgorod a. Komabe, chifukwa chachikulu icho sichinali ngakhale kuti. chakuti anthu a Novgorod pa nthawi anazindikira vassalage wa Duchy la Lithuania, anatsogolera zonse ankhanza mfundo motsutsa maukulu ena Russian. Koma mbiri ya Moscow ukulu ndi Baibulo ili ndi zokaikitsa. Ambiri mwina, Ivan III angakondebe kuchotsa superfluous palokha unit.

mfundo zofunika

M'chaka cha 1471 pa ndawala zinthu ngati amuna ankhondo 10 chikwi. Iye analamula Prince DD Holm, yemwe anadalitsa Ivan kuti "appeasement" a Novgorod. yotsirizira sanali malamulo a Pskovians ngakhale palokha, amene anatumiza asilikali kuthandiza Moscow retainers. Komabe, yoyaka chilakolako chawo podsobit Ivan tikhoza bwanji posachedwapa Moscow akazembe kuti anapempha asilikali "chifukwa chokhumudwitsa chachikulu kwa Prince." Ngati Pskov anakana, iye nthawi yomweyo anali adani a Moscow mwayekha panokha mavuto onse ...

Malinga ndi olemba, asilikali Novgorod anali kanayi asilikali zonse Moscow, koma ambiri a iwo inkakhala wosaphunzitsidwa asilikali a m'tauni. D. Boretsky walunjika izo. Novgorodians anakakamizika tifulumire ndi mndandanda wa asilikali, monga iwo anali kuchita mofulumira kukakumana Pskov akuyembekeza kukunda nyamarwa ndi kuteteza kumbuyo kwake.

kukumana koyamba

Ndipo kotero, mmawa pa July 14, ichi gulu la "halophyte" Novgorod mosayembekezeka anakumana ndi yaing'ono (zosaposa zikwi zisanu) Pskov detachment, akuguba kuti agwirizane ndi mbali yaikulu ya nkhondo. Ngakhale eyiti khola (!) Kudalirika kwa mdani, analimba mtima anaukira Kholmsk. Komabe, iye sanali wopusa: Kusankha Kalonga asilikali a vigilantes ophunzitsidwa bwino ndi zida kwenikweni chinapululutsa asilikali a Novgorod, ambiri a iwo sankadziwa mmene nkhondo. Kotero (mwachidule) anatenga adani Shelon mtsinje.

Amaganiza kuti imfa ya bwanji anakwana zosachepera 12 chikwi. Man, zikwi ziwiri anagonja. Ena mwa mantha oopsa, anathawira ku nkhalango. kugonjetsedwa anatsimikiza mapeto a ufulu wa Novgorod ndi kukopana wake ndi Lithuanians.

Mavuto a za ndale wa nthawi kuti

Komabe, iye Novgorod m'zaka za m'ma 15 ali kutali ndi kukhala bwino kwa nthawi. Mukudziwa oponderezedwa ndipo ngakhale m'munsi pakati strata ya anthu, kuchititsa kupanduka mkati zinali ponseponse. Pamwamba sakanakhoza kuzigwiritsa okha, choncho analowa pangano wonyenga ndi Polish-Chilituyaniya mfumu, amene anatumiza asilikali ndi kazembe wao Novgorod. Iwo anakhala yoikidwiratu Casimir IV Prince Michael Olelkovich. Muscovy ili cha m'ma 15 sikukanatheka kukhululuka.

Kachitsotso wotsiriza unali chakuti ngakhale poika Metropolitan a Novgorod ankanena osati mu Kiev. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo anayamba kutsegula zokambirana ndi Lithuanians ndi Zitsulo kufunafuna anagwirizana udindo vuto la nkhondo ndi Ivan III. Ngakhale pakati pawo Novgorod ndi kuperekedwa lotseguka anachititsa mphepo mkwiyo. Mwatsoka, umodzi wa "chapakati mzere" anali pakati pa otsutsa. City akumenya infighting, ndi ankhondo Novgorod anali ofooka ndi m'goli.

Ivan III mu udindo wa mtendere

Sayenera ankamuona ngati kukhetsa mwazi wankhanza Ivan. Iye mobwerezabwereza anayesetsa kukambirana ndi Novgorod, ntchito chikoka cha mpingo. Metropolitan mwa onse anayesa kuchenjeza mzinda woukira kuchita malonda ndi "Latins", koma bwino mawu ake anali. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ukulu ena a Novgorod anayamikira ntchito monga mwala wa dziko ndi chikhulupiriro.

Mu March 1471, Mikhail Olelkovich kusiya Novgorod ndipo anapita Kiev nkhani. Koma Ivan III wodwala perfidy a Novgorod, kotero aganiza lachiweruzo ndi nkhondo zomenyera ndi opanduka ndi. Mfundo onse ankadziwa za nkhondo yayandikirayo. ankawalangiza chifukwa ndale, koma ndi mtundu achipembedzo amayenera kukhala pachimake chimango mtima wa akalonga onse.

M'chaka anayamba kupita kukonzekera msonkhano. Izo zinakonzedwa kukopa kwa mbali vyatchan ake, ustyuzhan, Pskov, ndi kukhalabe okhulupirika kwa Moscow asanu alionse a anthu a Novgorod ndi midzi yake. Choyamba tinaganiza amuzungulire mzinda, ulidule kwa maulendo onse malonda yolumikiza oukira kuti Lithuania. Mfundo ya Moscow-Novgorod nkhondo uthenga sanali (timakamba za feuds zonse), koma nthawi iyi kalonga linali lalikulu.

dongosolo kampeni

Kuchokera kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa anabwera awiri kumuwombera amphamvu, ndi kale kuchokera kum'mwera zinakonzedwa kukantha molimba ankhondo, amene ankapita yekha, Ivan III. Mu Ustyug (May 1471) anatumiza akazembe, amene waukulu cholinga anali kukopa kwa mbali ndi ustyuzhan vyatchan. Iwo anagwirizana ndi gulu lankhondo la Ivan ankafuna ntchito kuukira zododometsa zimene zingachepetse mphamvu yaikulu ya Novgorod. Ndondomeko anakwanitsa kwakukuru. Nkhondo ya Mtsinje Shelon adagonja.

zochitika zazikulu

Sam Ndawalayo kutali mwangozi inakonzedwa izo kupulumutsa nthawi mu kasupe ndi autumn zithaphwi padziko Novgorod anakhala kuwoloka pa gulu lankhondo lalikulu, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira kulimbana mtengo kwambiri. nyengo inali yabwino mokwanira: panali kutentha kwambiri zambiri m'madambo a adzauma, ndipo mtsinje yokha Shelon kwambiri osaya.

Analamulira detachment akalonga Kholmsk ndi Fedor Davidovich Motley-Starodub. Yotentha ndi asilikali pa chiyambi cha June. Abale Ivan III, Prince Yuri ndi Boris limodzi ndi ratification ina. Kholmsk kumuwombera msanga atathamangitsidwa ndi kwathunthu yopsereza Staraya Russa. Buluka penepo alonga kuna Shelon mtsinje ndi pa magombe ake kuyembekezera akuyandikira Mbali yaikulu ya nkhondo. Monga iwo amati olemba za nthawi, asilikali mwankhanza anaphedwa ndi achifwamba okhala Moscow pakupereka mbali kupanduka.

Njira Novgorod

M'ma June, Prince Obolensky Striga ndi Danyarov - Chitata kalonga - anachokera Moscow ndipo anasamukira Vishny Volochek, wakuti pambuyo pake pambuyo mtsinje, kuyesera kukwaniritsa Novgorod kummawa. Mphamvu yaikulu anasamuka ku Moscow mpaka mapeto a June, wapansi kuyenda lina la Tver ndi Torzhok, pamene iwo anasonkhana pamodzi ndi makamu a akalonga m'deralo.

Novgorod pa nthawi imeneyo likukonza nkhondo. Onse wamphamvu nzika kudziwa mphamvu m'dera anatumiza asilikali. Ngakhale ambiri a asilikali alemba ntchito anthu ake kuti akamenyane ndi Moscow ndiponso mizinda ina Russian si ong'ambika. Nkhondowo mogwira mtima ndi maganizo onse anali otsika kwambiri, monga Grand Duchy wa Moscow ankatchedwa yolimba kwambiri, ndipo anagwirizana thandizo kuchokera Zitsulo Lithuanians, wina anali wotsimikiza.

mapulani Novgorod

The mwayi kokha kwa anthu a Novgorod zikanakhala kuukira zonse pa asilikali a Ivan kuti pang'onopang'ono kulimbana ndi mphamvu zazikulu m'madera. asilikali ake Novgorod anatumiza m'dera Pskov. Monga tanena, asilikali anali kuletsa kugwirizana kwa Pskov ndi mphamvu zazikulu. oyenda anatumiza mofanana Shelon mtsinje kuti azindikire ndi kumwazikana ndi detachment wa Prince Kholmsk.

Vasiliy Shuysky analamula Terceiro Comando amene akuchita zinthu paokha mphamvu zazikulu, anali "mitundu yonse ya machenjerero kukonza." Komabe, dongosolo lonse kuyambira pachiyambi analephera, monga Novgorod anachita inconsistently kwambiri. Muscovites akhala pang'ono bwino - ndi wodekha kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo ankachitira zinthu ndi aliyense payekha. Chifukwa cha zonsezi, lokhalo lodalirika detachment mu malo amenewo anasonyeza kuti asilikali a Prince Kholmsk. Zotsatira zake za nkhondo zonse akathyali anaganiza kumene mtsinje Shelon.

Mliri wa Nkhondo

Near mudzi Korostyn Novgorod kugwiritsa ntchito lakutali malo Kholmsk ndi kuliswa ilo. asilikali m'magulu awiri; okwera pamahatchi, chinali kuti akanthe ku pambali lamanja, ndi oyenda kupeza ntchito iliyonse kuukira kumbuyo kwa Muscovites. Amayambanso anafotokoza disorganization ambiri. Asilikali anachita sluggishly, chosinkhasinkha, kotero kuti nkhondo pa mtsinje anali Shelon anataya kale inayake ake enieni.

Ngakhale Novgorod negotiated, kodi ndi momwe iwo akuchitira Holmogorski mwadzidzidzi pafupi m'mudzi, ukulimbana ndi mdani oyenda. mphamvu Novgorod anagonjetsedwa kotheratu. Ndiye kalonga anapita Staraya Russa, amene kamodzinso anayamba kuyembekezera mphamvu yaikulu. Apanso anakumana ndi Novgorod, asilikali zonse zomwe limatuluka kumtunda pole Mtsinje. Amphamvu kalonga ataukiranso ndi anagonjetsanso. N'zosadabwitsa kuti anthu osankhika apakavalo a Novgorod pa nkhondo onse anafooka kwambiri.

Choncho chidakonzeka kugwirizana Novgorod ku Moscow ukulu.

Khalidwe Ivan III

Holmogorski anamvetsa amati izi, ngakhale bwino, akhoza kubwera osati ngati autocrat wopondereza. Mbiri kuti anatumiza mithenga kwa mfumu ndi nkhani ya kupambana, ndipo anafuna malangizo Zitatero. Ivan sanali akwiye (n'zosadabwitsa), nalamulira kalonga akadali kugwirizana ndi asilikali ake Pskov.

Komabe, kalonga, ndipo ankadziwa kuti zina kanthu palokha kale mukhoza kuwachitira zodula: Novgorod, ndi zake zonse n'ngwokayikitsa zokonda ndale, anamenyana kwambiri molimba mtima. Kholmsk kumuwombera anali atataya kale ankhondo oposa zikwi zinayi.

Waukulu nkhondo kufotokoza

Kamodzi linathyoka oyenda, asilikali okwera pamahatchi Republic koma deigned kuti awonekere a mtsinjewo. Iwo anapita kukakomana Chelm chomwecho, kusunthira mmwamba Shelon. Ndipo otsutsa anasiyanitsidwa yekha ndi mtsinjewo. Novgorod, lomwe unali mtundu otchuka awo, anakhala usiku. Tsiku lotsatira anayamba Shelonskoy nkhondo.

Kuyambira m'mawa, magulu awiri ankhondo anayamba anaponya mivi ndi zipolopolo mtsinjewo. Kachiwiri Chelm anaganiza mchitidwe mwadzidzidzi. Mwamsanga kuwoloka mtsinje, ndiye kuti ndi zazing'ono, koma anakwiya kwambiri, ndipo wochezeka kumuwombera anaukira Novgorod, kumene zikachitika mwamsanga anataya kukanganako onse mettle. Panthawi imeneyi, onse a asilikali pang'onopang'ono lossless mtsinje ndi kulowa nkhondoyo.

Ngakhale mantha koyamba, Novgorod anayamba amasowa nkhondo, monga adalibe kutaya. Chitata apakavalo detachment anaukira pambali zawo, pambuyo umene asirikali ambiri anathawira. Kodi sizodabwitsa: ngakhale nkhondo, Novgorod, malinga ndi Maulendo a m'nthawi, "ngati tcheni inawonongeka." Iwo anayamba intensively kuthetsa zambiri ndi mzake, chifukwa pafupifupi theka la boyars anaphedwa ndi nkhonya kumbuyo.

zotsatira

Chigonjetso anabweretsa osati olimba mtima ankhondo, komanso kudabwa. Koma Novgorod anali zambiri, ngakhale ngakhale kusagwirizana kwawo. Chigonjetso inali yofunika njira: m'chipinda chodyera cha Novgorod mwadzidzidzi anasonyeza chikumbumtima ndipo anaganiza kupempha chifundo kwa Ivan III, umene Grand Duchy wa Moscow anati inde.

Muscovites asilikali anapita kwa Shelon kumene June 27 anali kukumana ndi kazembeyo, lotsogoledwa ndi Metropolitan Theophanes. Oddly okwanira, koma mawu a armistice anali wofatsa kwambiri: Choyamba, Novgorod analumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa mfumu. Kachiwiri Iye analipira ndi indemnity kuchuluka kwa 16 zikwi rubles Novgorod. Tinganene kuti zimene zinachitika anali chabe anakhumudwa woonekeratu, amene anasonyeza wamwano boyars mphamvu mu Russia.

Ndipo pa nthawi ino ...

The detachment wachitatu wa Novgorod, anatsogolera Shumsky, anapita Ustyug. Pa zotsatira za nkhondo yaikulu, iwo sankadziwa kalikonse. Boyars wa Moscow, anasonkhana asilikali nkhonya ya Ustyug ndi Vyatichi, anali kukumana. Tinakumana asilikali pa Dvina mtsinje. Precast detachment Muscovites, kutsogozedwa ndi Basil Zitsanzo mwamphamvu anagonjetsa asilikali Shumsky. Kachiwiri Novgorod sizinathandize patatu ukulu wawo n'zosangalatsa kumva, monga wonse kumenyana mphamvu ochepa kwambiri.

Kumene, Novgorod kugwirizana Moscow ukulu anali ayi yomweyo. Izi zinachitika zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha, koma chigonjetso amene ukasintha kugwedezeka mphamvu ya mbali ya Novgorod otchuka, amene anapulumutsa kumvera Ivan III. Holmogorski, amene anapereka chionetsero kukwapula, anasonyeza kuti akangana ndi boma ndi woopsa kwambiri. Choncho, nkhondo pa mtsinje Shelon 1471 kuika mfundo mafuta mu mbiri ya Novgorod palokha.