Bungwe la Bologna

Boma la Bologna linatengedwa kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazo monga momwe anthu akuyendera pa maphunziro a dziko lonse. Panthawi imeneyo, zofunikiratu zokhala ndi chuma chimodzi, zachuma komanso, ku Ulaya, malo apolisi adatchulidwa kale padziko lapansi, kotero pali kufunikira kwa umodzi mu maphunziro.

Kusiyana kwa mitundu ndi kugawikana komwe kunali maphunziro apamwamba pa nthawiyo kunalepheretsa kugwirizanitsa gawo limodzi la Old World, ndipo chitsanzo cha Europe yatsopano idagwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe kosagonjetsedwa ka ntchito ndi ndalama ndi katundu, zomwe zinkafuna kufanana ndi kukhazikitsa ma diplomas.

Ndicho chifukwa chake bungwe la Bologna linakhazikitsidwa, pomwe miyezo ya maphunziro apamwamba a mbadwo watsopanowu inakhazikitsidwa, makamaka pa maphunziro awiri: mu maphunziro a bachelor's and master's.

Popita ku yunivesite m'dongosolo loterolo, wophunzira amene adaphunzira semesters imodzi kapena ziwiri m'dziko limodzi adzapitiriza kupitiriza maphunziro ake, koma osasamala maphunziro ake. Kuti tichite izi, tinkafunikira kusintha koyambako ku Ulaya komwe kuli kampani ya ngongole. Ndipo chiwerengero chimodzi chokha chinayambitsidwa: "credits", kupyolera mwa momwe chiwerengero cha zovuta za phunziroli chiyankhidwa, komanso muzowonjezera zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi diploma, maphunziro omwe amalandira ndifotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Chaka chilichonse pali ndalama zokwanira 60.

Maofesi a Bologna amatanthauza kufotokozera momveka bwino zolemba zonse za ophunzira, zomwe zimatsimikizira ubwino ndi chidziwitso cha chidziwitso chomwe adapeza. Ndizimene zidzaonetsetse kuti ntchito za anthu a ku Ulaya omwe amaphunzira maphunziro apamwamba, komanso kuwonjezera mpikisano wawo pamayiko onse.

Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti omaliza maphunziro a dipatimenti ya bachelor adzapanga ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito m'ntchito yambiri ya ntchito, ndipo magistrate adzakhala odziwa nzeru ndi zochepa za ntchito zapadera. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosolo la Bologna limakupatsani inu kuphatikiza zidziwitso zomwe mwapeza. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira akhoza kukhala wophunzira payekha wapadera, ndipo digiri ya master inanso, yomwe idzathetsa kaye kachitidwe ka pulasitiki kamene kalipidwa mpaka posachedwapa.

Maphunziro a Bologna ku Russia apereka ubwino wambiri umene udzakhudza kwambiri maiko, apamwamba ndi a yunivesite. Lero dziko lathuli, pokhala gawo lonseli, likhoza kuthandizira kwambiri maphunziro apamwamba a ku Ulaya.

Chinthu chinanso chopindulitsa chomwe bungwe la Bologna linabweretsa nalo linali propaganda ya chikhalidwe cha Russian. Tsopano chiwerengero chachikulu cha Aurope ali ndi mwayi wophunzira Chirasha, kudziŵa miyambo ya maphunziro apamwamba a ku Russia.

Mosakayikira, kutchuka kwa mayunivesite a ku Russia kwawonjezeka, ndipo tsopano akutsimikiziridwa kutumiza ophunzira awo semester kapena ngakhale chaka chonse maphunziro kuti aphunzire ku mayiko apamwamba a ku Ulaya, kukopa kwawo kwawonjezereka kwa olowa.

Potumiza mayiko awo ku masukulu achilendo kuphunzitsa, mayunivesite amatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za aphunzitsi awo.

Posakhalitsa, khalidwe la luso la aphunzitsi athu kapena ophunzira a zilankhulo zakunja lidzakula kwambiri, lomwe lidzawapatsa mwayi wofikira kumayambiriro, osati mabuku omasuliridwa akunja, osati kwa akatswiri, olemba mabuku komanso olemba mabuku.

Komabe, posaina Chigamulo cha Bologna cha 2003, dziko lathu linapempha sayansi ya Chirasha kuti ikhale yofanana yomwe ili ndi zambiri zosadziwika. Choyamba, ndi mwayi wosunga miyambo ya sayansi yachidziwitso yomwe ikudziwika ku dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kachiwiri, kusatsimikizika kwa akatswiri a sayansi omwe sanaonekere mu maphunziro a Bologna , komanso mantha kuti ophunzira omwe angophunzira kumene maphunzirowa adzakhala omaliza maphunzirowa.