"Zyklon B": m'mbiri, makamaka mankhwala ndi thupi katundu

"Zyklon B" - ichi ndi poizoni amphamvu kwambiri, zimene tsopano ntchito zamanja zosiyanasiyana za ulimi. Komabe, kutchuka kwambiri anamupatsa ngati chida kwa awonongedwe Unyinji wa anthu ndi Anazi m'kati Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Popeza mankhwala izi amapangidwa pansi dzina lina kupewa anthu m'khutu.

Chidule

"Zyklon B" ndi mankhwala apadera. gulu mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ntchito ulimi. Kuyambira m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, anali ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mankhwala akupha ambiri oopsa mabakiteriya chakudya zikhalidwe. Iwo akhoza kuteteza mitengo dzimbiri ndi tizilombo zosiyanasiyana. "Zyklon B" wapangidwa pamaziko a asidi hydrocyanic.

Paokha opezeka mu zomera zambiri, gasi mafakitale ndi ngakhale ndudu. Komabe, zambiri asidi ndi woopsa kwambiri thanzi la munthu. Bukuli lili cyanide wa hydrogen. Yotsirizira ali katundu yogwira mankhwala. asidi Hydrocyanic alibe mtundu, koma ali ndi fungo labwino. Chiphe molekyulu ndi opepuka kuposa mamolekyulu mpweya, chifukwa asidi izi oyaka kwambiri komanso mosavuta anagwidwa.

Start kafukufuku

Yogwira ntchito mankhwala monga zida unayamba m'zaka za First World nkhondo. ziphe ambiri, monga mpiru, nalo dzina lake pa malo a ntchito koyamba nkhondo. Nkhondo itatha, Germany sakanakhoza kukhala ake ankhondo omwe zida. Choncho, anaganiza kuti atumize asilikali chachikulu kuphunzira njira zoopsa za mdani. Mutu wa kafukufuku anali Fritz Haber, amene kwa zaka zinayi kale kuti anapambana Nobel Prize. Fritz kuyambira 1911 chinkhoswe mu chitukuko chinsinsi pansi pa utsogoleri la Kaiser.

Haber, pamodzi ndi akatswiri ena German, anayesa kuti akonze poizoni lina limene akula anthu onse alipo. Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu, Germany anali mwakhama ntchito chlorine. Komabe, iye anali wolemera kwambiri ndipo pang'onopang'ono. Itatha yoyamba ogwirizana bwino kuukira okonzeka ndi mbali kutsogolo mankhwala mankhwala. Kotero kuti asilikaliwo anali nthawi kuvala masks, malinga ndi zokwawa mtambo woyera. Asayansi moganizira sangathe ichi ndi anafotokoza chidulo prussic.

Chirengedwe cha "Chimphepo"

Cyanide, amene anapanga chifukwa cha zoipa zimenezi, wakhala kwambiri "wotchuka" mu Germany panthawi imeneyo. Iye anapeza osiyanasiyana ofunsira. Luftwaffe oyendetsa nthawi zonse nsupa mu nduna mankhwala, osaleka kukhala mu ukapolo. Ndipo ziwerengero onse otchuka ulamuliro wa Nazi kwa chaka cha forte chachisanu ndi mbale zoterozo zinali kwenikweni mu mano. Gaber anayamba kuyesa cyanide napita naye katundu watsopano. Mwachitsanzo, tinatsegula "Chimphepo B" M'chaka wachiwiri. Ubwino wake unali m'chigawo cha loitanirana. Onse linalipo kumenyana ziphe ndi gaseous, ndi "chimphepo" ndi adsorbent. Gypsum granules ladzala ndi asidi hydrocyanic anali anawonjezera ofunika wothandizila ndi methyl. Granules kanalekanitsidwa poizoni mpweya colorless kwa maola angapo.

"Zyklon B": zimakhudzanso thupi

poizoni amachita pa thupi la munthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana, malingana ndi mlingo. Ndi kugonjetsedwa panja imfa zikhoza kupewedwa ndi makonzedwe a chithandizo yake. Ngakhale ndi zizindikiro amphamvu poyizoni zimachitika pambuyo mphindi khumi ndi zisanu kuti sikisite. fomu iyi akutchedwa pang'onopang'ono madzi poizoni. Kuwala kuledzera kumafuna nseru, chizungulire, zosasangalatsa kukoma pakamwa. Aakulu minofu kutopa kumabweretsa kufupika kwambiri chifukwa cha mpweya pamene ntchito, ngakhale ang'onoang'ono thupi yaikulu. Zizindikiro zonse kuledzera wofatsa atapita masiku atatu. zizindikiro zotsatirazi akuwonjezeka pa fomu pafupifupi kuledzera: kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo, imfa kawirikawiri chikumbumtima, khunyu, kuchepa kugunda kwa mtima, ankatenthetsa inki khungu. Zizindikiro ukhoza kwa sabata, pamene alowererepo zachipatala angathe kupewa imfa ya chikumbumtima.

Action "Zyklon B" m'chingalawa ndi amapha. Ngati poyizoni ambiri mpweya woipa anthu akufotokozera mtundu fulminant kuledzera. Chikadzangotha kugonjetsedwa kwa munthu watha kutsitsimuka. Ndiye pafupipafupi kupuma ndipo zimachitika. Lekeza khunyu pafupifupi sasiya. Kupuma mabasi patapita mphindi pang'ono, ndipo limadzetsa imfa.

Kugwiritsa Anazi

gasi zotsatira "Zyklon B" anthu anali woyamba anayesedwa 1941. Mu msasa wa chibalo wa Auschwitz icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi POWs Soviet ndi akaidi ena. The E poyizoni lidalengedwa ndi Karl Fritsch. Gasi opareshoni kudya ndi siyikhuzana ndalama iliyonse. "Zyklon B" opangidwa ndi German kampani "Degesh", omwe umatulutsa mankhwala ulamuliro tizilombo. makilogalamu Chotyroh a "Chimphepo" yokwanira akupha anthu masauzande a anthu. njira yotero ya kupha ndipo anavomereza oborshturmbannfyurerom SS Rudolf Hossom. Izi iyeyo anati pa Nuremberg milandu nkhondo mayesero.

Poyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa magulu a "imfa." Kenako msasa madokotala anayamba akaidi odwala koposera masabata anayi. Komanso m'zipinda za mpweya awonongedwe akaidi satha ntchito. Action senile Nazi ankakonda mibulu. The Auschwitz mpweya m'chipinda cha anthu okwana awiri zinalengedwa pa nthawi yomweyo. Pambuyo pake, zinachitikira anagawa kundende zina ndende.

Gulu "Zyklon B"

Posiyanitsa Association of ululu ndi chidwi kwa iye kuchokera ku magulu ambiri kwakukulu. Makamaka, Russian zinyalala-thanthwe gulu anatenga dzina monga dzina la poizoni. Gulu "Zyklon B" motere ulamuliro wa maganizo mtundu. Chidwi mu Nazi zokongoletsa, osalephera, ndipo kunadzetsa kusankha dzina.

The gulu loimba anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa nationalists ndi bwino-phiko ometa mpala. Koma unasweka mu 2007. Ambiri mwa nyimbo za gulu adalowa m'kaundula zipangizo monyanyira ndikoletsedwa. Komabe, gululi anakwanitsa kupewa kumangidwa. Mu 2016, analengeza chilengedwe cha ntchito yatsopano nyimbo. Mutu nyimbo akanali yemweyo, koma dzina linasinthidwa kukhala ndi "kutsutsa".