Immanuel Kant - baba wa nzeru German chakale

Immanuel Kant - German nzeru zapamwamba, mu chiweruzo imene anakopeka ndi ntchito ya Plato ndi Berkeley, Wolf ndi Kodi Sextus Empiricus, Spinoza ndi Leibniz. Tsogolo wasayansi maphunziro a sekondale, "Friedrichs-Collegium", ndipo anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa yunivesite ya Konigsberg Komabe, kupeza digiri izo sizikanakhoza kukhala zolondola. Immanuel Kant, amene yonena zikuphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zovuta, anakakamizika pakamwa maphunziro ake chifukwa cha imfa ya atate ake ndi kuyamba ntchito. Only mu 1755 wasayansi wamng'ono anali kufotokoza nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii, ndipo muli ufulu kugwira ntchito monga mphunzitsi wa pa yunivesite.

Magawo a ntchito: Mu "subcritical" nthawi Immanuel Kant nayo udindo wa kukonda sayansi, moganizira kwambiri za mavuto okonzera ankaganizira, malo thupi ndi Anthropology. Pa nthawi imeneyi, asayansi osauka mavuto anafunsa ndi maganizo yapita aumunthu. Kotero, iye atapereka kungoganizira atsopano a dongosolo dzuwa, koyamba maganizo mafunde mpweya Nebula anaphunzira ndipo anafufuza udindo wawo. Wasayansi ndinaganiza za chiyambi chilengedwe cha umunthu popanda Mulungu nafuna kuchita gulu la nyama monga mwa mitundu yake.

The "ovuta" nthawi nzeru zapamwamba Immanuel Kant anachitira ndi mavuto a epistemology, akupanga dongosolo la maphunziro, kusinkhasinkha ambiri mavuto ndi akatswiri akamabadwa umunthuwo , ndi chidziwitso, makhalidwe ndi aesthetics, malamulo ndi boma. Wasayansi atamukoka mfundo zokhuza kuthekera chidziwitso zolemba mu mawonekedwe a ongolankhula sayansi ndi masamu, kupereka aliyense zolemba mawonekedwe zolaula. Panthawi imeneyi moyo wake, Immanuel Kant, nzeru za zomwe zikusintha kopambana, kuyenera kukayikira zoti kuli Mulungu, kukana n'zotheka kudziwa akamabadwa.

Wafilosofi amadziwa kuti Kuwulura zonse za mawu akuti "chilengedwe", "moyo" ndi "Mulungu" ndi zosatheka, ndipo palibe munthu adzakhala kusonkhana mawu awa ndi njira makamaka chibadwidwe. Kudziŵa nkhani akhoza inamangidwa ndi kuzunza anthu ku zolaula ntchito njira zolemba la kuganiza. Scientist kuchititsa mzere zabwino pakati pa nzeru ndi kuganiza ndi limanena kuti lingaliro la chikhalidwe dialectical yoyambayo. Choncho, malinga ndi maganizo a nzeru zapamwamba, ndi malingaliro a munthu adzakhala takumana ndi zotsutsana amamuchititsa kuthetsa funso la dziko wopandamalire kapena amalire, kapangidwe kake kapena kuphweka.

Epistemology: Immanuel Kant anakana njira motsimikiza wa maphunziro, ntchito m'malo njira nzeru yapadera, akamanena za ndiko kufufuza mwayi wa maganizo a kudziwa. Katswiri kuika patsogolo pa nkhani yolembedwa kuti "woyera" kuzindikira kumayamba ndi zinachitikira, ozikidwa pa ndi zolemba ntchito chikumbumtima. Mphamvu ya maganizo a anthu, monga Kant ndinaganiza, si malire, ndipo amaganizira ndi mbalume zomwe ndi amenable kuti kulungamitsidwa. Ndi chidziwitso cha dziko kunja sikuti kusonyeza cholinga chenicheni, koma kupangidwa mchikakamizo cha zithunzi chipangizo ndi kudzera amalingalira.

chiphunzitso chabwino: malo kwambiri mu ntchito za Kant kutenga maganizo ake za Mulungu ndi mpingo, ndipo si dziko kulengedwa popanda Mulungu. Komabe, nzeru zapamwamba anatchula kungoganiza makhalidwe umene chibadwa ndi ulamuliro zakunja mfundo za ubwino ndi phindu maganizo zosiyanasiyana. Munthu amati asayansi kuchokera ku mbali zonse - monga chinthu chapadera ndipo monga "chinthu palokha". Pa dzanja limodzi, zochita za mtundu uliwonse munthu limadalira zinthu zina ndi pa zina - apamwamba makhalidwe abwino. Choncho, aliyense wa anthu ndipo amamuchititsa zinthu ziwayendere bwino, ndipo pa ukoma, ngakhale zikhumbo izi nthawi zambiri akhumudwitsana.