Nkhondo ya ku Galician ya 1914 ndi yochepa. Zotsatira za nkhondo ya Galicia

Nkhondo yotchuka ya ku Galician inali gawo la msonkhano wa asilikali a Russia kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Pa gawo ili la magawano a South-Western Front anakangana ndi Austria-Hungary.

Mkhalidwe kumapeto kwa opaleshoniyi

Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse inayamba ndi kupweteka mwadzidzidzi ndi ankhondo a Ufumu wa Russia kumadzulo. Nkhondoyo inayamba mwadzidzidzi, komanso m'mitu yonse ya dziko mpaka tsiku lomaliza likuyembekezera kupewa magazi. Komabe, dziko la Serbia ndi Hungary linagwira ntchito yake, ndipo Nicholas II anatulutsa zizindikiro pa nkhondo yoyamba. Mwezi woyamba wa msonkhanowu, osati nkhondo zokha zokha zomwe zinachitika, komanso kulimbikitsa anthu osauka. Amphawi adaphunzira mwamsanga ndikupita kutsogolo ngati osungulumwa.

Kumpoto, gulu lankhondo la Russia linayambitsa ku East Prussia, chigawo cha Germany. Kum'mwera, akuluakulu a tsarist anayenera kukumana ndi mdani wina - Austro-Hungary. Ulamuliro wa Habsburg unali mgwirizano wokhulupilika wa Germany, ndipo tsopano maiko onsewa adakonza zochita zawo motsutsana ndi ufumu wa Romanov.

Austria-Hungary inali dziko lalikulu, kuphatikizapo, Galicia, Bukovina ndi Romania. Mapiri onsewa anali osawona mu ufumuwo. Akumadzulo kwa Ulaya sanadziwe kanthu za zigawo izi - chifukwa chitukuko chawo chinathera ku Budapest. Kumeneko kunali nkhondo ya Galicia.

Likulu la Russia

Potsutsana ndi Austria mu July 1914, South-Western Front inakhazikitsidwa. Kugwirizana kotereku kunaphatikizapo magulu angapo. Mtsogoleri wake wamkulu anali mkulu wa zida za nkhondo Nikolai Ivanov. Pakati pa zaka zothandizira ankhondo, adagwira ntchito zingapo zofunikira - nkhondo ya Russian-Turkish ku Bulgaria, komanso nkhondo ya ku Russia ndi Japan.

Makhalidwe a wamkulu uyu anali otchuka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Anton Denikin analankhula za iye ngati mwamuna yemwe analibe chidziwitso chokwanira pa njira. Msilikali wa Russia anali ndi chiwonetsero chakuti onse omwe anapambana, mtsogoleri wamkulu anali chifukwa cha mkulu wa antchito Mikhail Alekseev.

Makhalidwe atsopano a nkhondo

Nkhondo ya ku Galician, monga nkhondo iliyonse yoyamba ya nkhondo, inasonyeza kuti sukulu yonse ya usilikali inali yopanda ntchito. Akuluakulu adakali akutsogoleredwa ndi mfundo zotengedwa m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kufunika kwa mitundu yatsopano ya zida - zida zankhondo ndi ndege - sizinaganizidwe. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX, asilikali okwera pamahatchi kale adakhalapo kale, zomwe zinawonetsedweratu ndi nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Nkhondo ya ku Galician ndi zozizwitsa zonse za mwazi wake zinali zosayembekezereka kwa anthu amasiku ano.

Mafilimu a Shakkozakidatelskie kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo idagonjetsedwa m'mayiko onse - otsutsa - Germany, Russia, France, etc. Amuna onse amakhulupirira kuti kukwanira kofulumira-kuponyera kugonjetsa adani. Mwachitsanzo, Berlin nthawi zambiri inkatchulidwa monga chitsanzo cha nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia ya 1870-1871, pamene pasanathe chaka chonse asilikali a ku France anagonjetsedwa. Ndipotu, Entente ndi Central Powers anali akumana ndi kupha kwanthawi yaitali.

Kulephera kulowera ku Poland

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nkhondo ya Galicia siyinali nkhondo, komabe ntchito yonse yomwe ili ndi nkhondo zingapo. Magulu asanu a Russia omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi Nikolai Ivanov anayamba kukhumudwitsa pa August 5 (malinga ndi kalembedwe). Kulumikizana kangapo kunali m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'lifupi mwa kutsogolo kunali makilomita 500. Cholinga choyambirira cha Lviv, kapena Chijeremani Lemberg.

Magulu anagawanika anayenda m'njira zosiyanasiyana kumadzulo. Nkhondo yoyamba idachitika ku Krasnik, pamene gulu lachinayi la Anton Salz linakumana ndi gulu lankhondo la Viktor Dankl. Anthu a ku Austria anaukira gulu lankhondo. Patapita nthawi yaitali, Salz adalamula kuti abwerere ku mzinda wofunika kwambiri wa Lublin. Motero, chida cha Russia chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu a ku Poland analephera.

Chifukwa cha kulephera kumpoto, Ivanov anayenera kutumiza magawo angapo kumbali ya asilikali a ku Austria. Anthu osunthira katundu ankasokonezeka. Zinali zovuta ndi misewu yoyipa mumsewu wopita patsogolo. Kuyambira pachiyambi, asilikali a ku Russia ankagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono pamalo ovuta kwambiri. Ndipo panthawi ya opaleshoniyo, makamaka, pambuyo pake, njirayi inatsutsidwa.

Ulendo wa Russia kumadzulo

Ngati ankhondo a tsarist analibe mwayi kumpoto, ndiye kuti a Austrian adalephera kulamulira. Nkhondo zazikulu m'dera lino zinkachitika ku banki ya Golden Lime. Asilikali a Habsburgs adasiya. Pa August 21, Lvov adagwa, pa August 22 - Galich. A Austriya anayesa kulimbana ndi mizinda ikuluikulu. Nkhondo zamphamvu zinali m'makilomita 50 kuchokera kumidzi. Pofika mwezi wa September, gulu la asilikali a Franz Josef linali litasintha kwambiri moti linkawoneka ngati kuthawa.

Panthaŵiyi, ku East Prussia, Ajeremani anazunguliridwa ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a Samsonov. Akuluakulu adadzipha yekha, osakhoza kupirira manyazi. Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti ku East Prussia a Russia adagwira ntchito m'magulu awiri ogawanika. Ndipo ngati wina anawonongedwa, yachiwiri tsopano idalumikizana ndi nkhondo ndi Aussia, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu ena omwe ali kum'mwera chakumadzulo awonongeke.

Pofika pa September 13, dera lonseli linali m'manja mwa asilikali achi Russia. Motero anamaliza nkhondo ya Galicia mu 1914. Pambuyo pake, kuzunguliridwa kwa Peremyshl kwa miyezi ingapo kunatsatizana, pomwe panthawiyi kutsogolo pakati pa magulu awiriwa kunakhazikika ndipo kunali pafupi makilomita 120 kumadzulo kwa Lviv.

Meaning

Magazi a Galicia omwe anali ndi magazi, zotsatira zake zomwe zinawonekera bwino pambuyo pa nkhondo, zinasonyeza kuti asilikali a ku Austria sakanatha kuchita kanthu. Izi zinali chifukwa cha kubwerera kumbuyo, njira zopanda ntchito komanso zowerengera zolakwika ndi General Staff. Gulu la asilikali linasokonezeka chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa dziko. Chowonadi n'chakuti m'gulu lankhondo munali Osri ndi Ahindu okha, komanso oimira Asilavo. Iwo anali Czech, Slovakia, Croats. Ambiri a iwo anali kutsutsa ulamuliro wa Habsburg, powalingalira kuti dziko lawo linagwidwa. Chifukwa chake, mu gulu lankhondo la Austria panali nthawi zambiri zofunkha komanso kusintha kwa dziko la Russia. Asilavo ankayembekeza kuti tsar sichidzangowononga Habsburgs, komanso kupereka ufulu ku mayiko awo.

Inde, maganizo awa sanali a chilengedwe chonse. Ndipo pakati pa Czechs panali olamulira ambiri omwe ankamenyana ndi Entente mpaka kumapeto. Kuphatikizanso apo, nkhondo ya Galicia, mwachidule, inachitika panthawi yomwe nkhondo yayamba, ndipo mavuto azachuma asanakwanitse kugonjetsa maiko akumenyana.

Zimene Germany ndi Russia anachita

Kulephera kwa Aussia kukana Russia kunapangitsa kuti Ajeremani athe kuthandiza anansi awo akumwera. Kuchokera ku Western Front, kumene nkhondo inakhala ndi chikhalidwe, Germany anayamba kusuntha magawo ake. Zotsatira zoterezi zinakhalapo nthawi zonse mpaka kupitiriza kukhala mwamtendere ndi boma la Soviet.

Ku Russia kwakhala kukonda dziko, komwe Galicia kunathandizira kwambiri. Chaka cha nkhondo, magulu onse amtunduwu adathandizira mphamvu za tsarist. Pamene kutsogolo kwaima, ndipo dziko linayamba mavuto a zachuma, anthu okhala mu ufumuwo anasintha maganizo awo pa msonkhano wonsewo.

Kutaya maphwando

A Austrians anataya anthu zikwi mazana atatu anapha ndi kuvulazidwa, ndipo anthu ena zikwi zana anagwidwa. M'dzikoli munalinso kukambitsirana mobwerezabwereza, kuti pang'onopang'ono kuthetsere kusiyana kwa asilikali. Kutayika kwa Russia kunali kofunika kwambiri. Pafupifupi anthu zikwi 200 anafa kapena anavulazidwa, ena 40,000 anatengedwa kundende.

Nkhondo ya ku Galician (1914), mwachidule, inasonyeza zoopsa zonse za nkhondo yatsopano. Pambuyo pa zida zogwiritsira ntchito zida, anthu anavulala kwambiri moti madokotala ochita opaleshoni anali asanafikepo. Tsoka loopsa la asilikari linatsogolera kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yofalitsa uthenga ku Russia kuti athandize ndalama zothandizira anthu. Padziko lonse lapansi, matendawa anatsegulidwa, kumene amayang'anira zatsopano ndi olumala. Patangopita nthaŵi pang'ono banja lachifumu linalamula kuti litsegule chipatala chapadera ku Winter Palace, komwe kunavulaza asilikali am'tsogolo, kuphatikizapo a South-Western Front, anavulala.