Lamulo loyamba la dziko: kuchokera ku Sparta kupita ku US

Kodi malamulo oyambirira anawoneka kuti? Tiyesa kuyankha funso ili m'nkhaniyi. Koma poyamba tidzasanthula lingaliro.

Malamulo apamwamba masiku ano

Lamulo loyamba la dziko lapansi lomwe lilipo masiku ano linapezeka ku United States. Lingaliro limeneli limamveka ngati bungwe lalikulu la malamulo lomwe limayendera maziko a boma. Izi sizongowonjezera zokhazokha zowonjezera malamulo - ndizo maziko apamwamba a malamulo omwe chinthu china chirichonse chimamangidwira.

Zotsutsana za Makhalidwe ku Antiquity

Anthu otchuka kwambiri omwe adayambitsa zoyanjana zalamulo pakati pa boma ndi anthu wamba - Solon (mkulu wa Athene), mfumu ya Roma Servius Tullius, Lycurgus wa Spartan. Zonsezi zinapanga malamulo omwe anthu amakhalamo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Sparta, udindo wa Great Retrie, womwe unapatsa anthu mphamvu zoposa, udaperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwo. Bwaloli liyenera kukomana pa mtsinje ndikupanga zisankho zomwe zinakonzedweratu pasadakhale.

Chilamulo cha San Marino

Pulezidenti woyamba wa dziko lonse unavomerezedwa ku boma la ku Ulaya la San Marino. Lamulo lachikhalidwe lija linakhazikitsidwa kumeneko mu 1600, maziko ake anali lolemba mumzinda wa XIV atumwi.

Mfundo yosadziwika ya Philippe Orlik

Lamulo loyamba la dziko lapansi ndi chilemba cha Philippe Orlik cha 1710. Ilo linalembedwa mu mzinda wa Bendery mu gawo la Ufumu wa Ottoman. Lero lili pamtunda wa Republic of Transnistrian (Moldova). Malamulo oyambirira anali mgwirizano pakati pa Hetman Philip Orlik ndi akuluakulu ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, kunalibe mphamvu yalamulo. Malamulo oyambirira a dziko lapansi, omwe amatchedwanso malamulo, koma kale anali ndi mphamvu zonse zalamulo m'dziko lonse lapansi, ndi lamulo loyamba la United States.

Malamulo Oyambirira a USA

Lamulo lalikulu la USA, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pa September 17, 1787 ku Council in Philadelphia, ndilo lamulo la masiku ano. Zili ndi nkhani zisanu ndi ziwiri. Komabe, kusintha konse (makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri) kumatengedwa ngati mbali yofunikira. Zokambiranazo zimapangitsa kuti boma likhale losiyana, likhale lopatulidwa mu bungwe la malamulo (executive), wamkulu (purezidenti) ndi khoti (makhoti, akuluakulu omwe ali akuluakulu).

Lamulo loyamba la US linaloledwa kuti ndilo loyambirira padziko lonse lapansi m'malamulo amasiku ano.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Ngakhale pa Nkhondo Yodziimira, mazokambirana osiyanasiyana a lamulo lalikulu adakambidwa. Mu 1777, Bungwe Lachiwiri Lachigawo linalandira nkhani za Confederation. Tsambali linatanthawuza US kuti ndi mgwirizano, ndiko kuti, mgwirizano wa mayiko ena odziimira okha ndi mphamvu zochepa za ulamuliro wapakati. Ili silinali lamulo loyambirira pa dziko lapansi, koma linapangidwa molingana ndi mfundo za Confederation.

Kufooka kwa chilembo ichi chinali chakuti mu voti iliyonse boma lirilonse linapatsidwa ufulu wotsutsa, mwachitsanzo, zitha kuletsa chisankho chilichonse cha Confederation Congress. Lamulo limeneli silinalole kupanga zofunikira pazofunikira, makamaka Congress inalephera.

Mu September 1786, adindo ochokera ku mayiko asanu adasonkhana ku Annapolis kuti asinthe nkhani za Confederation. Komabe, nthumwi zochokera ku mayiko ena zimanyalanyaza mwamseri msonkhano, kapena sungapezeke kumeneko. Azidindo ochokera ku mayiko asanu adapempha bungweli kuti liitanitse oimira onse ku Philadelphia kuti akambirane nkhaniyi.

Lamulo loyamba ku Ulaya

Mu 1772, Russia, Prussia ndi Austria adapindula ndi kufooka kwa Poland - gawo loyamba la Commonwealth lidachitika . Ndipotu, nyama zazikuluzikulu za ku Ulaya zimadya malo ambirimbiri popanda kukana.

Kufika koopsa kwa chiwonongeko cha boma kunalimbitsa nkhondo yapakatikati pa ndale ku Poland. Maphwando awiri adamenyana ndi Sejm: kukonda dziko (otsutsa kusintha) ndi phwando la Old Believer (conservative).

Pa October 6, 1788, phwando lachikondi linatha. Anasintha zakudyazo kuchokera kwa wamba mpaka kumtunda. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti tsopano zisankho pa izo ziyenera kupangidwa ndi ambiri voti, ndipo palibe amene anali ndi ufulu wovota.

Bungwe la Patriotic linayesetsa kusintha kachitidwe ka boma ka Poland, koma mphamvu ya otsutsa awo inali yayikulu. Ndiye okonzanso anapita ku chinyengo: adagwiritsa ntchito maholide a aphungu otsutsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano pa May 3, 1791.

Constitution of the Commonwealth ya 1791, ngakhale kuti siidathetse ufulu wa anthu olemekezeka, koma idavomerezedwa kuti ufulu wolamulira wa demokarasi wochulukirapo: ufulu wosadziwika, ufulu wokhala nawo, malo ovomerezeka a Seimas,

Malamulo a pa May 3, 1791 akuonedwa kuti ndi oyamba ku Ulaya.

Lamulo loyamba la RSFSR

Lamulo loyamba la Soviet Republic linaonekera mu 1818 ndipo linali ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi:

1. Ufulu wa anthu ogwira ntchito ndi anthu ogwiritsidwa ntchito.
2. Zinthu zambiri.
3. Bungwe la dongosolo latsopano la mphamvu.
4. Ufulu woyenera.
5. Chilungamo cha bajeti.
6. Pazovala zovala ndi mbendera.

Lamulo loyamba la RSFSR linali mndandanda wa mabwalo osiyana, omwe aliyense analamulira malo ake. Mtsogoleri wapamwamba kwambiri anali a Russian-Soviet Union of a Workers ', a Soldiers', a Peasants 'ndi a Cossack. Popeza n'zovuta kusonkhanitsa anthu onse, Komiti Yonse ya ku Russia (VTSIK) inachita ntchitoyi pakati pa misonkhanoyi. Mlembi wake ndi mamembala ake anasankhidwa ku Congress.

Msonkhanowu ndi Komiti Yonse ya ku Russia, yomwe ili ndi udindo waukulu, uli ndi mphamvu zambiri pazinthu zapakhomo ndi zakunja: kulandira mayiko atsopano ku RSFSR, chisankho chochoka m'dziko, maiko ndi mayiko akunja, kuphatikizapo kulengeza za nkhondo ndi mtendere, kukhazikitsa misonkho yatsopano,

Khoti ndi Komiti Yonse ya Russia Yogwirizanitsa Mphamvu ndi mabungwe a malamulo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, sangakwanitse kuthetsa ntchito zamasiku ano. Nkhanizi zinachitidwa ndi boma - Bungwe la People's Commissars (SNK). SNK inali ndi ufulu wopereka malamulo, maulamuliro, malangizo, zomwe zinali zofunika kulamulira dziko.

Mwachidziwitso, lamulo la RSFSR liwononge dziko lonse lakale: ulamuliro wouza boma unayambitsidwa, ufulu wa ogwira ntchito ndi anthu osauka akumasula ntchito, maphunziro aulere ndi mankhwala adalengezedwa. Chuma cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chinalengedwa m'dziko.