Grand Duke wa Lithuania Vytautas: biography, zochititsa chidwi, ndale, imfa

Tsiku lenileni la kubadwa kwa Vitovt silikudziwika. Malingaliro achiwiri m'mabuku a mbiriyakale anatsimikizira kuti iye anabadwa cha m'ma 1350. Grand Duke wa Lithuania, Vitovt, anali mwana wa Keystut ndi mphwake wa Olgerd, ndipo atabadwa sanafune ulamuliro pa dziko lonselo. Udindo wake wapamwamba pakati pa anthu a dzikoli, adakangana pazaka zambiri m'mayiko ambiri ndi kunja.

Kulimbana ndi mphamvu

Mu 1377, Amuna Vytautas, Grand Duke wa Lithuania, Olgerd, anamwalira. Mphamvu idaperekedwa kwa mwana wake Jagiello. Keystut, yemwe anali kalonga wa Trotsky, adazindikira kuti mphwakeyo ndi wamkulu ndipo adabwerera kuzinthu zake zofunikira - kulimbana ndi Akatolika, omwe adalimbikitsa asilikali awo ku Baltics. Koma Jagiello ankaopa abambo ake. Kuonjezera apo, kupembedza kwake kunalimbikitsidwa ndi uphungu wa anzake.

Jagiello anapita ku mgwirizano ndi a chipani cha Crusaders kuti ateteze Keystut ya tsoka lake. Pasanapite nthawi nkhondo yapachiweniweni inayamba, momwe adakali wamkulu a Duke Kilithuania Vitovt adatenganso mbali. Mu 1381, pamodzi ndi bambo ake, adagonjetsa Jagiello. Keystut mwachidule anakhala wolamulira dziko lonse, ndipo Vitovt - wolandira cholowa chake.

Nkhondo Yachiweniweni

M'chaka chotsatira - 1382, ku Lithuania kunayambitsa chipolowe motsutsana ndi mphamvu ya Kajstut. Palimodzi ndi Vitovt, adatengedwa kundende ndipo anaikidwa m'ndende. Mwanayo anathawira kumalo a Teutonic Order. Patatha zaka zitatu dziko la Poland ndi Lithuania linakhazikitsa mgwirizano, moteronso kumagwirizana ndi boma limodzi. Jagiello anasamutsa likulu lake ku Krakow. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Vitovt anapeza kwa msuweni wake kubwerera kwa iye ku Grand Duchy monga bwanamkubwa.

Komabe, posakhalitsa mkangano pakati pawo unayamba ndi mphamvu yatsopano. Vitovt anafunikanso kuthawira kwa asilikali achikunja, amene anakhalako kwa zaka zitatu, akukonzekera kuti apambane kudziko lawo. Mu 1392 pambuyo pa nkhondo zingapo abale adasaina pangano la Ostrovsky. Grand Duke wa ku Lithuania Vytautas anabwezanso. Mwachidziwitso, iye adadzizindikira yekha kuti ndi wolamulira wa mfumu ya ku Poland, koma olemba mbiri amakhulupirira kuti kunali 1392 tsiku loyamba la ulamuliro wake weniweni wodziimira.

Kuyenda motsatira Akatara

Kutha kwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni itatha, Vitovt akanatha kumvetsera adani a kunja a Lithuania. Kumadera akum'mwera kwa dziko lake anadutsa pa steppe, yomwe inali yolamulidwa ndi a Chitata. Mu 1395 Khan wa Golden Horde Tokhtamysh anagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi asilikali a Tamerlane. Anathawira ku Vilna, kukabisala kumeneko.

Kodi Vytautas anachita zotani? Grand Duke wa Lithuania, yemwe umoyo wake umayimira chitsanzo cha mtsogoleri wogwira ntchito za nkhondo omwe adamenyana ndi oyandikana nawo onse oopsa, sangathe kuphonya mwayi umenewu. Iye anabisa Tokhtamysh ndipo anayamba kusonkhanitsa asilikali kuti akawonongeke mtsogolo muno. Mu 1397 ankhondo a kalonga adadutsa Don ndipo, popanda kukana kulikonse kwapadera, anafunkha ndi kuwononga malo oyimika magalimoto a Atatara. Pamene gulu lofooka lidatsimikiza kumenyana, kusagonjetsa kunali kosavomerezeka. Anthu a ku Lithuania anagonjetsa anthu oterewa ndipo anatenga akapolo oposa 1,000.

Koma izi sizinaimitse Vytautas - Grand Duke wa Lithuania. Zoona zokhudzana ndi Crimea zinamupangitsa kuti apite ku peninsula iyi, komwe otsutsa a Tokhtamysh adayendayenda ndikusunga chuma chawo. Asanayambe, gulu lankhondo la Lithuania silinapite mpaka kumadera a adani. Vitovt ankayembekeza kuti kupambana kwake kudzalimbikitsa papa kuti adzalengeze nkhondo yonse ya ku Ulaya kwa a Chitata. Ngati pulogalamu yotereyi idayambika ndi kutha ndi kupambana, kalonga angadalire mutu wachifumu komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kumadera akummawa.

Nkhondo ya Vorskla

Komabe, nkhondoyi pansi pa ulamuliro wa Roma sizinachitikepo. Panthawi imeneyi, a Tatata anathetsa mikangano ya mkati ndikugwirizana kuti agonjetse adani akumadzulo. Stepniakov anatsogoleredwa ndi Khan Timur Kutlug ndi mkaidi wake Yedigei. Anasonkhanitsa gulu lalikulu la asilikali masauzande ambirimbiri.

Ndi chiyani chomwe chingatsutse iwo ndi omwe angasonkhanitse pansi pa mabanki awo Vitovt - Grand Duke wa Lithuania? Ndondomeko ya mtsogoleri wa wolamulirayo inamulola kuti ayanjanitse pakati pa anthu a ku Lithuania. Choyamba, adakumana ndi vuto la maubwenzi ndi anthu a Russian Orthodox, omwe ankakhala m'dera lalikulu. Vytautas anasamalira anthu awa ndi abwanamkubwa awo, chifukwa cha zomwe adapeza mbiri yabwino.

Malingaliro ake okhudza kulanga chilango kwa Akatara sanakumane ndi a Orthodox okha, komanso ndi akalonga ena odzilamulira a Russia. Pamodzi ndi Vitovt, bwanamkubwa wa Smolensk anavomera kulankhula. Thandizo lofunika kwambiri linachokera ku Poland komanso Teutonic Order. Akatolika awa adavomereza kuti akhale ogwirizana kutsutsana ndi anthu a steppe. Pomaliza, ndi Vitovt panali Tatarara okhulupirika ku Tokhtamysh.

Asilikali okwana pafupifupi zikwi makumi anayi adayandikira kum'maŵa mu 1399. Nkhondo yovutayi inachitikira ku Vorskla, mtsogoleri wa Dnieper. Asilikali a Vytautas ndiwo omwe anali oyamba kuwombera, ndipo adatha ngakhale kuwakakamiza. Komabe, theka lachiwiri la anthu omwe adayimilira anthuwa adapita patsogolo, atadutsa msilikali wa Lithuania. Panthawi yovuta, a Tatata adakantha Akhrisitu kumbuyo ndikuwapitikitsa ku mtsinje. Nkhondoyo inatha pang'onopang'ono. Vytautas mwiniyo anavulazidwa ndipo sanapulumutsidwe. Pambuyo pa kulephera kwake, anayenera kuiwala za kukula kwa steppe ndi udindo waufumu. Pa nkhondo ambiri akalonga a Russian ndi Lithuanian anamwalira: olamulira a Polotsk, Bryansk ndi Smolensk.

Kugwirizana kwatsopano ndi Poland

Atagonjetsedwa ku Vorskla, mphamvu ya Vitovt inali pangozi. Anataya othandizira ambiri, ali ku Lithuania mdani wake watsopano anawonjezeka. Anakhala Svidrigailo Olgerdovich - mchimwene wamng'ono wa Jagiello ndi kalonga wa Vitebsk. Panthawi imeneyi, Vitovt anaganiza zomanga mgwirizano watsopano ndi Poland. Kumapeto kwa 1400 anakumana ndi Jagailo pafupi ndi Grodno, kumene mafumu adayina chikalata chosonyeza malo atsopano pakukambirana pakati pa Krakow ndi Vilna.

Kodi cholinga cha panganoli ndi chifukwa chiyani chinali chofunikira kwambiri? Jagiello anazindikira kuti Vitovt anali ndi ufulu wonse wokhala ndi Lithuania, zomwe zinamulepheretsa Svidrigailo kukhala ndi ufulu uliwonse pa mpando wachifumu. Kulimbana kwake kunakhala kopanda phindu ndipo mwadala mwadzidzidzi analephera. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, Grand Duke wa Lithuania, Vitovt, analonjeza kuti adzalowetsa ufumu wa Jagiello kapena wolowa nyumba yake. Ngati panalibe iye, ndiye kuti mpando wachifumu wa Lithuania uyenera kupita kwa munthu wosankhidwa kuti azisankhidwa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Apolisi anali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi anyamata a Russian Orthodox. Panganoli linadziwika kuti Vilno-Radom Union.

Kutsutsana ndi German Knights

Nkhondo yotayika ndi a Tatata inali yolimba, koma osati yoopsa. Pasanapite nthawi Vitovt anachira. Pakatikati mwa chidwi chake anali kugwirizana ndi Teutonic Order. Kwa zaka makumi angapo, gulu la nkhondoli linasankha dziko la Lithuania ndi Poland, pamene anali m'ndende zapachiŵeniŵeni. Tsopano mafumu anali mgwirizano, kutanthauza kuti iwo anali nawo mwayi wogwirizana ntchito zotsutsana ndi Teutonic Order.

Vytautas anali ndi chidwi ndi kubwerera kwa mayiko a Samogitian, ndipo Jagiello ankafuna kubwerera ku Eastern Pomorie, kuphatikizapo mayiko a Helminsky ndi Michalovsk. Nkhondo inayamba ndi kuwukira ku Samogitia. Osakhutira ndi ulamuliro wa Teutonic wothandizidwa ndi Vitovt. Grand Duke wa Lithuania, yemwe mafilimu ake ochepa amaimira masewera osavuta a nkhondo, adaganiza kuti uwu unali mwayi wabwino wotsutsana ndi a nkhondo.

Pulogalamu yolimbana ndi Teutonic Order

Pa gawo loyambalo la nkhondo, mbali zonse ziwiri za nkhondoyi zinagwira ntchito mosaganizira. Kupambana kwakukulu kokha kwa Apolisi ndi Lithuania kunali kulanda kwa linga la Bydgoszcz. Posakhalitsa otsutsawo anachita pangano lamtendere. Komabe, kunali kanthawi kochepa, kukhala mpumulo, kofunikira kwa otsutsa kuti asonkhanitse nkhokwe zawo. Master of the Order Ulrich von Junginen analembetsa thandizo la Hungarian King Sigismund wa ku Luxembourg. Chinthu chinanso chothandizira ku Germany chinali asilikali achilendo. Panthawi yomwe nkhondoyi inayambiranso, asilikali a Crusaders anali ndi asilikali okwana 60,000.

Ankhondo a ku Poland ankaphatikizapo ambuye ambuye, omwe anabwera ku magulu ankhondo pamodzi ndi magulu awo aang'ono. Anthu a ku Lithuania anathandizidwa ndi Czechs. Mtsogoleri wawo anali Jan Zizka - mtsogoleri wodziwika wamtsogolo wa a Hussites. Kumbali ya Vytautas palinso magulu achiroma, kuphatikizapo mfumu ya Novgorod, Lugvania. Ku bungwe la asilikali, a Allies anaganiza zopita ku Marienburg, likulu la Teutonic Order, m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mgwirizanowu unali ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi magulu a ankhondo (pafupifupi anthu zikwi makumi asanu ndi limodzi).

Nkhondo ya Grunwald

Ngati pachigawo choyamba cha nkhondo asilikali a Germany anaukira Poland, tsopano Amalonda ndi a Lithuania okha anagonjetsa katundu wa Order. July 15, 1410 panali nkhondo yambiri ya Nkhondo Yaikulu (monga idatchulidwa ku Lithuanian annals). Gulu la alendowo linatsogoleredwa ndi Jagiello ndi Vitovt. Grand Duke wa Lithuania, amene chithunzi chake chajambula chilichonse chili m'mbiri yonse ya ku Ulaya, chinali kale nthano pakati pa anthu ake. Onse okhala kumudzi komanso ngakhale otsutsa ake adakondwera kuumirira ndi kupirira kwa wolamulira, momwe adakwaniritsira zolinga zake. Tsopano iye anali sitepe kuti asachotsere konse dziko lake pangozi ya Akatolika a Katolika.

Malo a nkhondo yapadera inali pafupi ndi tawuni ya Grunwald. A Germany anafika apa poyamba. Iwo analimbikitsa malo awo omwe, anakumba dzenje-misampha, kuika mfuti ndi anthu amatsenga ndikudikirira mdani. Atafika ku Poland ndi anthu a ku Lithuania adadza ndipo adatenga malo awo. Jagiello sanafulumire kukaukira poyamba. Komabe, pa nthawi yovuta kwambiri, Vitovt anaganiza zowononga Ajeremani popanda lamulo la mfumu ya ku Poland. Anasunthira asilikali ake kupita, atangomaliza kumenyana ndi adani awo onse ku mabomba awo.

Kwa pafupi ola limodzi magalimoto anayesera kubwezeretsa kuukira kwa Lithuania ndi Tatars (ku Vitovt, asilikali okwera pamahatchi a ku Crimea anathandizanso mu utumiki). Pomalizira pake, Marshal Frederick von Wallenrod analamula kampaniyi. Anthu a ku Lithuania anayamba kubwerera kwawo. Uku kunali kuyendetsa mwachangu, koyambidwa ndi Vytautas - Grand Duke wa Lithuania. Anawona imfa ya asilikali a ku Germany atazunguliridwa ndi asilikali omwe adataya dongosolo. Chirichonse chinachitika chimodzimodzi monga momwe adakonzekera. Poyamba, magulu ankhondowo adasankha kuti anthu a ku Lithuania ayambe kuchita mantha, ndipo adathamangathamangira, akuthawa. Gulu la asilikali a Germany atangofika ku msasa wa Vitovt, kalongayo analamula kuti atseke ndi kumanga adaniwo. Ntchito imeneyi inaperekedwa ku mapewa a Novgorod prince Lugvania. Anagonjetsa ntchito yake.

Panthaŵiyi, magulu ambiri a Teutonic anamenyana ndi Amalonda. Zikuwoneka kuti kupambana kunali kale m'manja mwa Ajeremani. Asirikali a Jagiello ngakhale anataya Cracow gonfalon, komabe posakhalitsa anabwezeretsedwa kumalo ake. Zotsatira za nkhondoyo zidasankhidwa ndi kuyambanso kwa nkhokwe zina za nkhondo, zomwe zinali kuyembekezera nthawi yawo kumbuyo. Amwenyewa ankawagwiritsira ntchito mosamala kwambiri kuposa a Chigwirizano. Kuphatikizanso apo, asilikali okwera pamahatchi a Vitovt anadzipha mwadzidzidzi Ajeremani kuchokera kumbali yake, yomwe inachititsa kuti asilikali a ku Order apweteke. Mphunzitsi Jungingen anamwalira pankhondoyi.

Allies anagonjetsa, ndipo izi zinakonzeratu zotsatila za nkhondoyo. Kenaka panafika kuzungulira kwa Marienburg. Ngakhale kuti anayenera kuchotsedwa, Ajeremani adavomereza kubwezeretsa malo onse omwe adagwira ndi kulipira malipiro aakulu. Mpikisano Wopambana Wachimake Wachimake ndi chizindikiro chachikulu chomwe chidzachitike m'dera la mgwirizano wa Poland ndi Lithuania komanso kuchepa kwa malamulo a Katolika ku Baltics. Msilikali wosakayikira anabwerera ku dziko lakwawo la Vytautas. Grand Duke wa Lithuania anabwezeredwa ku Samogitia, chifukwa ankafuna kuti pakhale nkhondoyi.

Ubale ndi Moscow

Vytautas anali ndi mwana wamkazi wa Sofya yekha. Anamukwatira kwa mfumu ya Moscow Vasily I-mwana wa Dmitry Donskoy. Wolamulira wa ku Lithuania anayesa kukhalabe paubwenzi ndi mpongozi wake, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zinalepheretsa chilakolako chake chopitirizabe kukula kummawa kwa dziko la Russia. Zili ziwiri zidakhala zipolowe zotsutsana, zomwe zikhoza kugwirizanitsa mayiko a East Slavic. Vitovt ngakhale adabatizidwa molingana ndi mwambo wa Orthodox, komabe pambuyo pake adatembenukira ku Chikatolika.

Chokhumudwitsa cha ubale wa Moscow-Lithuanian chinali Smolensk. Grand Duke wa Lithuania, a Vytautas wa ku Russia, nthaŵi zambiri anayesa kumugwira. Anayambanso kulowerera mu ndale zamkati za mayiko a Pskov ndi Novgorod. Anatumiza Vytautas kunkhondo, monga momwe zinaliri ndi nkhondo ya Grunwald. Chifukwa cha madera a Russia, Grand Duke anawonjezera malire ake pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Oka ndi Mozhaisk kunja kwa Moscow.

Mzukulu wa Grand Duke wa Lithuania Vitovt anali mwana wa Basil I Basil the Dark. Anakwera kumpando wachifumu ali wakhanda mu 1425. Bambo ake anazindikira kuti Moscow inali ndi mphamvu zochepa zokha kuti zimenyane ndi a Lithuania ndi a Tatars. Kotero, iye anachita chirichonse chocheperapo kwa apongozi ake mu mikangano ya kumalire, kupeŵa nkhondo. Basil Ine, ndikufa, ndinamufunsa Vytautas kuti ateteze kalonga watsopano kuti asamangidwe. Mdzukulu wa Grand Duke wa Lithuania, Vitovt, anali Vasily II. Ichi chinali chiyanjano ichi chomwe sichilola kuti anthu onyenga apange mpando wachifumu.

Zaka zaposachedwa

Chakumapeto kwa moyo wake, mkulu wa dziko la Lithuania, Vytautas ndiye mfumu yakale kwambiri ku Ulaya. Mu 1430 anali ndi zaka 80. Chakumapeto kwa chikondwererocho, bwanamkubwa anakonza msonkhano ku Lutsk, komwe anaitanitsa Jagiello, Sigismund Luxemburg (posakhalitsa kukhala mfumu ya Ufumu Wachifumu wa Roma), akuluakulu a papa ndi akalonga ambiri a ku Russia. Chinthu chimodzi chimene olamulira amphamvu ambiri anasonkhanapo, akuti kale Vitovt anali mmodzi wa anthu odziwika kwambiri pa ndale m'nthaŵi yake.

Ku Lutsk Congress, anakambirana za chiyembekezo cha mtsogoleriyu. Ngati adatenga mutuwo, wofanana ndi zomwe Jagiello adali nazo, Lithuania potsirizira pake idzakhala yotetezeka ndi kutetezedwa kumadzulo. Komabe, Amitundumitundu anatsutsa makonzedwe. Sizinachitikepo. Vytautas anamwalira patangotsala pang'ono kokha msonkhano wa ku Troki, October 27, 1430. Malo ake akuikidwa samadziwikabe. Vytautas anali Grand Duke wa Lithuania kwa zaka 38. Panthawi ya ulamuliro wake dzikoli linakula. Akalonga otsatirawa adagonjetsedwa ndi Poland. Mgwirizano wa mayiko awiriwa unkatchedwa Commonwealth.