Gentry ya ku Poland: mbiriyakale ya chiyambi, kutchulidwa koyamba, oimira

Masiku ano, dziko la Poland, nzika zake ndizofanana ndi ufulu ndipo sizikhala zosiyana. Komabe, Pole aliyense amadziwa tanthauzo la mawu akuti "gentry" bwino. Udindo wapaderawu unalipo mu boma kwa zaka pafupifupi chikwi, kuyambira ndi zaka za zana la 11 ndi kuyamba kwa 20, pamene 1921 mwayi wonse unathetsedwa.

Mbiri ya zochitika

Pali maulendo awiri a kutuluka kwa apamwamba kwambiri ku Poland, olemekezeka.

Malinga ndi zoyambazo, zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizovomerezeka kwambiri ndipo zimavomerezedwa mwachilungamo, zimakhulupirira kuti Chipolishi cha Polish chinasintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma.

Mafuko a Asilavo omwe anabalalika omwe anali kumadera a kum'maŵa kwa Ulaya, pang'ono ndi pang'ono anakula ndikugwirizana nawo. Yaikulu kwambiri idatchedwa dzina lopepuka. Poyamba, mutu wa opol unali bungwe la akulu, osankhidwa kuchokera kwa oimira mabungwe amphamvu komanso olemekezeka kwambiri. M'tsogolomu, oyang'anira madera amodzi adagawidwa pakati pa akulu ndipo adalandira cholowa chawo, ndipo akulu okha adadziwika ngati akalonga.

Nkhondo zonse ndi mikangano pakati pa akalonga zinayambitsa kufunika kokonza magulu ankhondo. Ankhondo analoledwa pakati pa anthu omasuka omwe sanali omangidwa pansi. Kuchokera apa ndi gululo mwayi watsopano wapamwamba, olemekezeka, wakula. M'Chijeremani, mawu oti "gentry" amatanthauza "nkhondo".

Ndipo iyi ndiyo njira yachiwiri ya chiyambi cha malo. Ndili pulofesa wa yunivesite ya Cracow, Francishek Xavier Pekosinsky, yemwe anakhalako m'zaka za m'ma 1800. Malinga ndi katswiri wa sayansi, anthu a ku Poland sankabadwira ku Poland. Iye akukhulupirira kuti olemekezeka oyambirira anali mbadwa za mitengo, mafuko achi Silala omwe ankamenyana ndi dziko la Poland kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 8 ndi m'ma 900. Mfundo yakuti Asilavic akuthamanga ndizoyikidwa pamagulu a makolo akale omwe ali olemekezeka akugwirizana ndi malingaliro ake.

Mbiri yoyamba

Poyamba kutchulidwa kwa asilikali apolisi a ku Poland, amene anakhala makolo a anthu olemekezeka, anakhalabe mu mbiri ya Galla Anonymous, yemwe anamwalira mu 1145. Ngakhale kuti "Mbiri ndi Machitidwe a Akalonga ndi Olamulira a Poland", omwe amasonkhanitsidwa ndi iye, nthawi zina amachimwa ndi zolakwika zenizeni ndi zolephereka, komabe icho chinakhala chitsimikizo chachikulu chokhudza mapangidwe a dziko la Poland. Kutchulidwa koyambirira kwa szlachta kumayanjanitsidwa ndi mayina a Mieszko 1 ndi mwana wake, King Boleslaw 1 Wolimba mtima.

Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Boleslaw, adakhazikitsidwa udindo wa "mbuye" kwa msilikali aliyense amene anapatsa mfumu ntchito yaikulu. Pa izi pali mbiri, ya chaka cha 1025.

Mfumu ya Knights ya ku Poland

Boleslav 1 Wolimba mtima adakondweretsa dzina lolemekezeka osati kwa akalonga okha, komanso kwa akapolo, ngakhale kuti kale ankafuna maudindo apadera - "moznovlady", omwe anali okondwa kwambiri. Mpaka kutha kwa zaka za zana la 11, olamulira, iwo ali amkhondo, iwo ndiwonso makolo a anthu olemekezeka, alibe malo awo enieni.

M'zaka za zana la 12, pansi pa Boleslaw Krivoust, malo amtundu wochokera ku malo ogubuduza adasanduka eni eni.

Europe pakati pa zaka zapitazi amadziwa magulu a nkhondo monga ankhondo a tchalitchi, atanyamula chikhulupiriro chachikristu kwa Amitundu. Ankhondo a ku Poland sanayambe monga ankhondo a tchalitchi, koma monga otetezera akalonga ndi mafumu. Boleslav 1 Wolimbika mtima, yemwe anachita kalasi iyi, ndipo anali woyamba kalonga wa Poland, ndiyeno mfumu yomwe inadziwika yekha. Iye adalamulira kwa zaka pafupifupi 30 ndipo anakhalabe mu mbiri yakale monga wanzeru, wochenjera komanso wolimba mtima wandale komanso wankhondo. Kuwonjezera apo, Ufumu wa Poland unawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha madera a Czech. Boleslav analengeza gawo la Great Moravia ku Poland. Chifukwa cha iye, mzinda wa Krakow, likulu la Little Poland, unalowa mu Ufumu wa Poland kosatha. Kwa nthawi yaitali iye anali likulu la boma. Izi ndizomwe zikuchitika lero - imodzi mwa mizinda ikuluikulu m'dzikoli, chikhalidwe chofunika kwambiri, chuma ndi sayansi m'dzikoli.

Piastas

Mzinda wa Piast, womwe Mfumu Boleslav anali nawo, unalamulira dzikolo zaka mazana anayi. Panthawi ya Piastas, dziko la Poland linakhala ndi nthawi yofulumira kwambiri m'madera onse. Maziko a chikhalidwe chamakono cha Poland anaikidwa pomwepo. Sizinali zofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zomwe zinapangitsa kuti dziko likhale lachikhristu. Ntchito ndi ulimi zinakula, mgwirizano wolimba wa malonda ndi mayiko akumalire unakhazikitsidwa. The gentry estate inagwira nawo ntchito zomwe zikuthandizira kupititsa patsogolo ndi kulemekeza Poland.

Kupatukana kwa olemekezeka ndi chivalry

Pofika zaka za m'ma 1400, nyumba ya ku Poland inali nyumba yayikuru komanso yotchuka kwambiri. Tsopano kulowetsa mmenemo monga choncho, chifukwa cha zochita zamanja, sizinatheke. Malamulo adalandiridwa kwa amwenye, kukhazikitsidwa ndi nobilitatsii. Olemekezekawo anadzipatula kuchoka ku magulu ena, kukanikiza mfumu. Iwo akanakhoza kulipirira izo, chifukwa kwa zaka mazana angapo iwo anakhala eni eni enieni mu boma. Ndipo mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Louis wa Hungary iwo anapindula mwayi wosaneneka.

Kositsky anasonkhanitsidwa

Ludovic analibe ana, ndipo ana ake aakazi analibe ufulu ku mpandowachifumu. Pofuna kuti awapeze ufulu umenewu, adalonjeza anthu olemekezeka kuti adzathetsa ntchito zonse zokhudza mfumu. Motero, mu 1374, wotchuka Kositsky anasonkhanitsidwa. Tsopano maudindo onse ofunika a boma anali otengedwa ndi apolisi a ku Poland.

Malinga ndi mgwirizano watsopano, olemekezeka amalephera mphamvu ya banja lachifumu komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo. Olemekezekawo analipidwa misonkho, kupatula malo, koma anali ochepa - kuchokera kumunda umodzi pachaka okha ndalama zapeni. Pa nthawi yomweyi, olemekezeka adalandira malipiro awo ngati adagwirizana nawo. Iwo sankakakamizika kumanga ndi kukonza mipanda, milatho, nyumba zamzinda. Paulendo wachifumu kupyolera mu Poland, ambuyewo sanamutsitsimutse monga mlonda ndi woperekeza woperekeza, ndipo udindo wopatsa mfumu chakudya ndi pogona unachotsedwanso kwa iwo.

Republic of Poland

Mu 1569, Ufumu wa Poland unalumikizana ndi Grand Duchy wa Lithuania kukhala dziko limodzi, Rzeczpospolita. Ndondomeko yandale mu dziko latsopano imatchedwa demokarasi yaulemu. Ndipotu, kunalibe demokarase. Mtsogoleri wa Commonwealth wa Polish-Lithuanian anali mfumu yosankhidwa ndi moyo. Udindo wake sunatengedwe. Pamodzi ndi mfumu boma la dzikolo linapangidwa ndi chakudya.

Sejm inali ndi zipinda ziwiri - Senate ndi nyumba ya Ambassadenti. A Sejm anali akuluakulu akuluakulu a boma ndi atsogoleri apamwamba, ndipo nyumba ya Posolskaya inasankhidwa ndi oimira akuluakulu. Ndipotu mbiri yakale ya Rzeczpospolita ndi mbiri ya momwe olemekezeka amadzilamulira okha ndikudzilamulira molakwika.

Mphamvu ya szlachta ku Poland

Pokhala ndi ulamuliro wofooka, akuluakulu apolisi a ku Poland adakhudza kwambiri magulu a malamulo ndi akuluakulu. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amadzionetsera kuti ndizofunikira kuti anthu azikhala ndi ziwawa.

Izi zikugwirizana ndi zochitika zopanda malire za machitidwe a ndale ndi zachuma m'dziko. Szlachta anali ndi ufulu wa veto, ngati mfumu inakonza zoti atumize asilikali, kuti atenge lamulo lina kapena kukhazikitsa msonkho watsopano, mawu otsiriza, kaya akhale otere kapena ayi, nthawi zonse anali kumbuyo kwa szlachta. Ndipo izi ziribe kanthu kuti gentry katundu mwiniwake udatetezedwa ndi lamulo payekha ndi katundu wosadziwika.

Ubale pakati pa azimayi ndi amphawi

Atalowa nawo zaka 14-15. Ku Poland, anthu ochepa kwambiri a Chervonnaia Rus ', anthu a ku Poland anayamba kusamukira kumadera atsopano. Pogulitsa malonda, zokolola zaulimi zomwe zinapangidwa m'mayikowa zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito popempha kunja.

Mu 1423, kumasulidwa kwa midzi ya anthu othawa kwawo kunali kochepa ndi lamulo lina lomwe linayambika pansi pa kukakamizidwa kwa malo abwino. Pansi pa lamuloli, amphawi adatembenuzidwira ku serfs, adayamba kuchita panshchina ndipo analibe ufulu kuchoka kudziko lomwe adakhalamo.

Ubale pakati pa gentry ndi bourgeoisie wamng'ono

Mbiri ya Commonwealth ya Chipolishi-Lithuania imakumbukiranso mmene anthu am'tawuni amachitira anthu okhala m'mizinda. Mu 1496, lamulo linaletsedwa kuti alembi asagule malo. Chifukwa chake chikuwoneka ngati chosokonezeka, popeza kuti kukangana kwa chigamulochi ndi chakuti anthu a m'matawuni amakonda kupeŵa ntchito za usilikali, ndipo amphawi omwe apatsidwa malowa akhoza kuwatumizira. Ndipo azimayi awo azamzinda wa mzinda adzaletsa kuitanidwa kwawo kuti apite usilikali.

Pansi pa lamulo lomweli, ntchito ya makampani ogulitsa mafakitale ndi mabungwe a zamalonda ankalamulidwa ndi akulu komanso osowa omwe adasankhidwa pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito.

Gentry padziko lonse

Pang'onopang'ono, apolisi a ku Poland anayamba kudziona kuti ndi apamwamba kwambiri komanso ophunzira kwambiri m'kalasi la Chipolishi. Ngakhale kuti misala yonseyi sizinali zopindulitsa, koma chuma chodzichepetsa ndipo sichikhala ndi maphunziro apamwamba, iwo anali odzikuza kwambiri, chifukwa wolemekezeka makamaka ndi chilakolako. Ku Poland, mawu akuti "gonor" akadalibe malingaliro oipa.

Kodi dziko lapansili silinali lotani? Choyamba, aliyense wolemekezeka amene anasankhidwa ku Boma anali ndi ufulu wovota. Chikhalidwe chotsatiracho chinalimbikitsa ngakhale kusayera mtima kwa mfumu, amene anasankha yekha. Rokos (ufulu wosamvera mfumu) amaika mfumu pamlingo umodzi ndi nkhani zochokera ku gentry estate. Wolemekezeka ndi munthu yemwe amanyoza malo onse mosiyana ndi ake omwe, ndipo ngati mfumu mwiniyo si udindo wa wolemekezeka, ndipo makamaka osadzozedwa ndi Mulungu, anganene chiyani za anthu osauka ndi aang'ono? Olemekezeka awo amatchedwa serfs.

Nchiyani chinatenga nthawi yake gawo lopanda ntchito la Commonwealth? Maphunziro okondedwa szlachtichi anali zikondwerero, kusaka ndi kuvina. Zolembedwa za olemekezeka a ku Poland zikufotokozedwa momveka bwino m'mabuku a mbiri yakale a Henrik Sienkiewicz "Pan Volodyevsky", "Moto ndi lupanga" ndi "Chigumula".

Komabe, zonse zimatha. Zatha ndipo autocrat ya maulamuliro.

Poland mu Ufumu wa Russia

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, gawo la Commonwealth linakhala mbali ya Ufumu wa Russia. Ndi pamene chisankho chotchedwa szlachta chinayamba. Mawu awa amamveka ngati ndondomeko ya mayendedwe a boma la Russia. Iwo anali ndi cholinga cholepheretsa kuti anthu azikhala osagwirizana komanso osagwira ntchito, malinga ndi chitukuko cha boma, mphamvu za apolisi a ku Poland. Mwa njira, panthawi imeneyo chiwerengero cha anthu olemekezeka ku Poland chinali 7-8%, ndipo mu ufumu wa Russia sanafike pafupifupi 1.5%.

Malo omwe anthu olemekezekawo anali nawo sankafika ku Russia. Malinga ndi Lamulo Lolamulira la pa September 25, 1800, anthu a Privislinskie gubernias (omwe amatchedwa malo a Polish ku Russia) angatchulidwe ndi anthu olemekezeka, omwe adzatha kupereka umboni wa malemba awo, malinga ndi zolemba zakale za 1795, mkati mwa zaka ziwiri. Zonsezo zidzagawidwa molingana ndi malo ena - otchire, apakati apakati ndi hulber laulere. Panthawi ya boma la szlachta mu Commonwealth anthu olemekezeka anali kubwezeretsedwanso ndi mamembala atsopano. Panthawi yomwe akuluakulu a dziko la Russia adalowa mu ufumu wa Russia, panali ena omwe adatha kupeza mwayi umenewu kuchokera ku Nobility Assembly, koma analibe chitsimikizo kuchokera kwa Gerold wa Senate. Gawo ili silinatchulidwe pa mndandanda womwe ukutengedwa pa mndandanda wa olemekezeka.

Pambuyo pa Kuuka kwa Poland ku 1830-1831, Senate idapambana chisankho pa dongosolo la Amalpoti, kudziwongolera ku maulamuliro, ndi kugawikana iwo m'magulu atatu, ndi maudindo omwe apatsidwa kwa olemekezeka.

Apolisi, omwe ali ndi malo okhala ndi alimi kapena okhala ndi nzika, koma alibe malo, anaphatikizidwa mu gulu loyambirira, mosasamala kanthu kuti akuvomerezedwa ndi Nobility Assembly kapena ayi.

Ku gulu lachiwiri linali la Apolisi, omwe analibe malo ndi maphunziro, koma anatsimikiziridwa ndi Nobility Assembly.

Ku gulu lachitatu ndi a Polesi, amene ankadziona kuti ndi opatsa, koma alibe malo ndi maphunziro ndipo sanaloledwe ndi a Nobility Assembly.

Kuyambira pamene lamuloli likugwiritsidwa ntchito, mabungwe olemekezeka analoledwa kutumizira ziphatso za apolisi za anthu olemekezeka, pokhapokha ngati chidziwitsochi chinali chovomerezeka ku Geroldia.

Mitengo-anthu olemekezeka, omwe adalemba zikalata kuti apereke olemekezeka, adalembedwa ndi nzika kapena nzika zina. Zonse zinalembedwa m'mayiko osauka.

Olemekezeka, osagonjetsedwa ndi olamulira a ku Russia, analibe ufulu wogula malo ndi alimi. Pamapeto pake, iwo adalowa m'kalasi ya a Phillips ndi a mlimi.

Mapeto a Gentry Estate

Nthaŵi ya apolisi a ku Poland inatha ndi Poland (kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900) atapeza ufulu wolamulidwa ndi Ufumu wa Russia. Mu lamulo latsopano la 1921-1926. Sindinatchulepo mawu akuti "gentry" kapena "olemekezeka". Kuyambira tsopano, mu Republic of Poland yatsopano yomwe idalengezedwa, nzika zake zonse zinali zofanana pakati pa ufulu ndi maudindo.