The veto, mbiri ndi ntchito lero

Mawu "veto" ndi Latin kwa "Ine aletsa." Izi akuti whimsical Komabe, mbe mu lotanthauzira mawu a chilamulo ndi andale. Akukhulupirira kuti veto woyamba ntchito mu Roma, mu masiku a Republic; komanso ankatchedwa "ufulu owayang'anira pa." Rostrum - nzika ya Roma, osankhidwa plebs kuti uyimire zofuna za nzika za - akhoza veto, ndicho zoika chiletso, kuti asinthe chiwembu chigamulo chinajambulidwa ndi Senate kapena woweruza milandu. Chotero chiletso ndi watiitana chitetezero. Munthu yekhayo amene malamulo sanali phunziro kwa malamulo otere, anali wolamulira wa Republic.

Choncho, lamanja la veto - ndi atakana bilu kapena mfundo zochita kanthu ndi Authority, mabungwe ena (munthu kapena thupi) ndi kukana izi kusainira. Mu dera ndale, izi zikutanthauza mphamvu kuletsa, suspend kapena kuletsa malamulo ndi zochita anatengedwa ndi thupi zogwirizana. Mphamvu zoterozo akhoza kunyamula tsankho kapena mtheradi.

Pambuyo zimene Aroma ankachita pa veto sanali mpaka m'zaka XVII, pamaso mapangidwe wa Commonwealth, mgwirizano wa limati la Lithuania ndi Poland. Mu Kuvota wapamwamba boma thupi la Zakudya (yamalamulo) linakhazikitsa lamulo pa "liberum veto" (veto pa free, mu Latin). Rzeczpospolita ankatsogoleredwa ndi lamulo kusindikizidwa novi (ie malamulo Radom), malinga ndi zimene mfumu sanathe malamulo popanda chilolezo cha anthu olemekezeka onse. Olemekezeka a Seimas osankhidwa m'dera Sejm pofuna kufotokozera mu zofuna za m'dera lawo. Popeza boma linali khalidwe la feduro, kumene zigawo zonse ndi ufulu wofanana, mwambo kutipatsa mphamvu kuteteza iliyonse phungu. chisankho lidzawotchedwa zokambirana anatengera pamene anakuvoterani iye mosachotsera, mamembala a Seimas. Akukhulupirira kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba mu Poland ntchito veto mu 1669, nthumwi ya Kiev Adam Olizar.

Adani a Poland - Prussia ndi Russia - ambiri ntchito mfundo imeneyi procedural, ndi malamulo alipo wa Commonwealth. Iwo ziphuphu olemekezeka amene ntchito veto mphamvu zawo chikuletsa zochita zina, ndipo potero kufooketsa State mdani. Mu zoyambirira za m'ma XVIII, mchitidwe umenewu wakhala wamba mmagawo Sejm ndi misonkhano akusokoneza, pafupifupi lisanayambe. Izo sizinali mpaka May 3, 1791, pamene zaka zinayi chitaganya Zakudya anatengera Constitution watsopano, amene amakhazikitsa mfundo komanso kupanga zisankho mwa voti ambiri.

Komabe, mfundo ya revocation ya malamulo kapena zochita kutsekereza akupitiriza moyo mu ndale za mayiko ambiri mu njira zopangira zisankho za mabungwe intergovernmental. Mu ena pulezidenti-aphungu mayiko ali ndi ufulu veto pulezidenti.

Zimakhala mtheradi (wasiya): Pankhaniyi, pulezidenti ali ndi ufulu kukana kwathunthu lamulo anadutsa yamalamulo. Pamene wachibale (kapena suspensivnom suspensive) veto pulezidenti angoima kulowa mu mphamvu ya bilu ndipo nyumba yamalamulo ali ndi ufulu kutenga izo pa voti chachiwiri ndi ambiri woyenera (mu United States ndi Russia - kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za nyumba iliyonse ya yamalamulo). Tsankho kapena kusankha veto , Pulezidenti ali ndi ufulu kukana nkhani kapena mbali malamulo.

Ngakhale hayala wa United Nations si mawu za veto, kuti apo pomwe amagwira ntchito. Lamanja la veto mu UN ndi mamembala achikhalire asanu a Bungwe la Security - Russia, UK, USA, France ndi China. Kuyambira pachiyambi, ntchito mchitidwe kuzizira chisankho m'dziko lililonse kuti ali bwino uyu UN, zikubweretsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Choncho, Council Security UN sangakhoze kutengera chikalata kumudzudzula malamulo a m'madera kulanda ndi zochita zina zofunika Israel, monga nthumwi ya maiko ntchito veto mphamvu, limagwiritsa ntchito kulephera kwa nkhaniyi. Izi, kumene, kuwukitsa kutsutsa lalikulu kwa ambiri limati membala UN.