United Nations: zokambirana. Tsiku la United Nations

United Nations ndi imodzi mwa mabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse. Njira yothetsera mavuto ambiri omwe akuwonetsa zandale ndi zachuma zikuchitika pamtanda wa UN.

Pafupifupi maboma onse a dziko lapansi ndi mamembala a UN. Ngakhale Tsiku la United Nations likukondwerera pamtendere. Kodi mawonekedwewa anapanga bwanji? Ndi maiko ati omwe anayambitsa kulengedwa kwa UN? Kodi ndi bungwe lanji lomwe bungwe liri nalo kuthetsa mbiri yakale komanso ndi mbali ziti zomwe zikugwira ntchito tsopano?

UN: kudziwa zambiri

United Nations ndi imodzi mwa mayiko akuluakulu padziko lonse, omwe ntchito yake yaikulu ndikuteteza mtendere ndi chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko. Chidziwitso chofunikira, chomwe chikutsatira mfundo za UN - Charter. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zolinga za bungwe la United Nations ndizoletsedwa kuopseza mtendere, komanso kuzichotsa, kukonza njira zothetsera mikangano mwa njira zamtendere, kulimbitsa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu a dziko lapansi, kuchoka ku chiyanjano ndi kudzidalira mitundu. Msonkhanowu umanenanso kuti bungwe la United Nations likufuna kukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko, azachuma, chikhalidwe ndi anthu.

UN ali ndi mayiko 193. Mayiko a UN angaphatikizepo mayiko awo omwe amadziwika pa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ngati izi zikutsatiridwa, ngati dzikoli likuyendetsedwa ndi bungwe la UN monga "mtendere", wokonzeka kutenga zofunikira za Chikhazikitso ndikutha kuzikwaniritsa, ndiye kuti chitseko cha bungwe ndilo lotseguka. Kuvomerezedwa kwa maiko atsopano ku UN akuchitika ndi General Assembly ndi kutenga nawo mbali bungwe la Security Council. Pa nthawi yomweyi, asanu akufotokoza mosapita m'ndende ku Security Council kuti athe kuvomereza chisankho cha Msonkhano kuti avomereze boma latsopano la UN.

Dziwani kuti mayiko angakhalenso ndi udindo wa membala wa bungwe la UN, komanso woganizira. Monga lamulo, amatsogoleredwa ndi dzikoli kupita ku bungwe. Udindo wa woyang'anitsitsa wa mayiko umalandira pambuyo pa voti mu General Assembly. Mavoti ambiri amafunika kuvomereza chisankho. Chidziwikiritso cha mndandanda wa bungwe la United Nations ndikuti angakhalenso osadziwika. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, zimadziwika kuti kwa nthawi ndithu mayikowa akhala akulamulira kwathunthu - Austria, Finland, Japan. Pambuyo pake adapeza udindo wa membala wathunthu wa bungwe la United Nations.

Msonkhano Wachiwiri wa United Nations ukutsogolera kukhala thupi lotsogolera. Amapangidwa kuchokera kwa nthumwi za mayiko a UN. Chigawo chilichonse chili ndi ufulu wovota. Thupi lina lofunikira la UN ndi Security Council. Muzofunikira za dongosololi - udindo wa dziko pa ndege yapadziko lonse. Bungwe la UN Security Council limapangitsanso ziopsezo zochitika m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi monga momwe zingathere poyamba. Njira yaikulu ya Security Council ndiyo kuthetsa mikangano mwamtendere, kupanga malingaliro abwino kwa maphwando ake. Nthaŵi zina, bungwe la UN Security Council limaloledwa kuti ligwiritse ntchito mphamvu zankhondo kubwezeretsa dongosolo. Bungwe la Security Council limapangidwa ndi mayiko 15. Zisanu zazo ndizokhazikika (RF, France, PRC, UK ndi USA). Ena onse amasankhidwa ndi General Assembly kwa zaka ziwiri.

Ntchito za bungwe zimaperekedwa ndi bungwe lina - Secretariat ya UN. Amayendetsedwa ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi udindo wa Secretary General. Otsatira pa udindo umenewu amasankhidwa ndi Security Council. General Assembly yakhazikitsa General Assembly.

Zinenero zoyenerera za bungwe la United Nations ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Chiwerengero cha iwo nthawi zonse chimaphatikizapo Chirasha. Pakati pa ena - omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'Chingelezi, Chine, Chiarabu, komanso Spanish ndi French. Ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo za boma - amapereka zikalata zofunika za bungwe, zosankha. Malipoti amalembedwanso mu ziganizo zofanana, zolemba. Nkhani zoperekedwa pamisonkhano zimamasuliridwa m'zilankhulidwe zoyenera.

Bungwe la United Nations likuphatikizapo zida zingapo zodzilamulira. Zina mwa zazikulu kwambiri - UNESCO, IAEA.

Likulu la bungwe liri ku New York.

Ganizirani momwe zigawo zazikulu za UN zikugwirira ntchito mwatsatanetsatane.

General Assembly

Monga tanenera pamwambapa, thupi ili ndilo lofunika kwambiri pamaganizo, mwachindunji, komanso ntchito zoimira a UN. Msonkhano Wachigawo umapanga mfundo zoyendetsera mgwirizano padziko lonse pa nkhani za mtendere, zimagwirizanitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mphamvu za thupi ili zimatchulidwa mu Charter ya UN. General Assembly ikugwira ntchito pamisonkhano - nthawi zonse, yapadera kapena yapadera.

Monga gawo la bungwe lalikulu la United Nations - makomiti angapo. Pazofunikira za aliyense - zovuta zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pali Komiti Yowonongeka ndi Kutetezedwa Kwadzidzidzi. Pali zoyenera za thupi ndi mavuto a chikhalidwe ndi umoyo. Pali komiti yomwe imayang'anira yomwe ndizolamulo. Pali mabungwe omwe amayenera kufufuza mphamvu, kuthetsa nkhani zandale, zoyendetsera ndi za bajeti. Komiti Yaikulu imathandizanso. Makhalidwe ake, mbali zotere za ntchito ya Msonkhano monga zokambirana ndi mfundo zomwe zikugwirizana ndi gulu la zokambirana. Icho chimapangidwa ndi akuluakulu angapo nthawi yomweyo. Ena mwa iwo - mtsogoleri wa General Assembly, akuluakulu ake, atsogoleri a makomiti ena.

Msonkhano Waukulu wa UN, monga tanena, ukhoza kugwira ntchito padera. Amatha kusonkhanitsidwa malinga ndi malamulo a Security Council. Mitu ya magawowa ingakhale yosiyana - mwachitsanzo, yokhudzana ndi ufulu waumunthu. Monga tanenera pamwambapa, kukhazikitsidwa kwa United Nations makamaka chifukwa cha kufunika koyendetsa dziko lonse mavuto.

Security Council

Bungwe la UN Security Council ndilo makanema omwe ali ndi maluso apadera okhudzana ndi kusunga mtendere ndi chitetezo. Taona kale kuti kulengedwa kwa United Nations kunakonzedweratu muzinthu zambiri ndi cholinga chothandizira kuthetsa ntchitoyi. The Security Council, monga tanenera pamwambapa, ikuphatikizapo maiko asanu okhazikika, onsewa ali ndi ufulu wa veto. Kodi njirayi ndi yotani? Mfundo yofunikira pano ndi yofanana ndi yamalamulo a pulezidenti.

Ngati chisankho cha bungwe la United Nations Security Council sichigawidwa ndi zigawo zomwe ndi ziwalo zomalizira za thupi ili, zikhoza kulepheretsa kulandiridwa komaliza. Chochititsa chidwi: nzika ya dziko lomwe ndi membala wa Security Council kosatha silingasankhidwe Mlembi Wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations.

UN Secretariat

Mapulani a bungwe la United Nations akuyenela kuchita makamaka ntchito za kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti. Kwenikweni, uwu ndi ntchito yokhudzana ndi kufalitsa malemba a zisankho ndi zosankha zina, kufotokoza kwa zolemba m'makalata, kulembedwa kwa mgwirizano wa mayiko, etc. Kulemba kuli ndi akatswiri okwana 44,000 ogwira ntchito m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Malo akuluakulu a thupili amagwira ntchito ku New York, Nairobi, komanso m'midzi ya ku Ulaya - Geneva ndi Vienna.

Khoti Lachilungamo Ladziko lonse

Palinso khoti mu bungwe la UN. Zikuganiziridwa kuti oweruza omwe amapanga ntchitoyi amadziimira okha pazinthu za dzikoli. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito ku UN iyenera kukhala ntchito yawo yokha. Mulimonse, pali oweruza khumi ndi awiri mu bungwe la UN. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi chitetezo chapadera, ndipo akhoza kusangalala ndi maudindo angapo. Otsutsana ndi makani otsutsidwa ndi Khoti Lachilungamo la UN angakhale dziko lokha. Nzika ndi mabungwe alamulo sangakhale otsutsa kapena otsutsa.

Makomiti a UN

Pali mabungwe angapo mu bungwe la United Nations - Economic Council and Social Councils, komanso mtsogoleri wa nkhani zothandizira (ngakhale zinagwira ntchito mpaka November 1, 1994, pambuyo pake ntchito yake inaletsedwa). Bungwe Loyamba likuchita nawo ntchito zokhudzana ndi mgwirizano wa chikhalidwe ndi chuma cha mayiko. Amapangidwa ndi ma komiti asanu ndi limodzi omwe amapangidwa pa malo. Mwachitsanzo, ndizo Economic Commission ya Europe, yomwe imagwira ntchito ku Africa kapena ku Western Asia.

Mipingo

Msonkhano wa UN ukuganiza kuti ziwalo zogwira ntchito za bungwe lingapangire mipando yothandizira. Choncho, mabungwe angapo a bungwe la UN anawonekera pomwepo. Ena mwa otchuka ndi IAEA, World Health Organization, UNICEF, UNESCO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.

Mbiri ya UN

Mbali yokondweretsa kwambiri yophunzira UN ndi mbiri. United Nations inakhazikitsidwa mwakhama pa October 24, 1945. Patsiku limenelo, mayiko ambiri omwe asayina bungwe la UN Charter adavomereza chikalata ichi. Komabe, lingaliro la United Nations, malinga ndi akatswiri ena a mbiriyakale, linayamba kupangidwa mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Makamaka, tingadziŵike kuti mu Januwale 1942, mayiko omwe ali mbali ya chipani chotsutsana ndi Nazism adasaina chikalata chotchedwa Declaration of the United Nations. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1944, msonkhano unachitikira ku Dumbarton Oaks, nyumba ya Washington, pamodzi ndi USSR, United States, Britain ndi China. Izi zikutanthauzira momwe mgwirizano wa mayiko onse udzakhalire nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, komanso mmene dongosolo lalikulu lokhazikitsira ndondomekoyi lingayang'anire.

Mu February 1945, msonkhano wotchuka wa Yalta unachitikira. Pamsonkhanowo, atsogoleri a mayiko omwe amatsogoleredwa adalengeza cholinga chawo chokhazikitsa dongosolo lonse lapansi lomwe ntchito yaikulu iyenera kukhazikitsa mtendere. Mu April chaka chomwecho, msonkhano unachitikira ku San Francisco ndi kutenga nawo mbali maiko makumi asanu ndi awiri kuti apange Chikhazikitso cha United Nations. Chiwerengero cha ophunzira chinali pafupifupi 3.5,000 anthu, komanso olemba mabuku oposa 2.5,000, zolemba ndi owona. Mu June 1945, Chikalata cha Mgwirizano wa Mayiko cha United Nations chinakhazikitsidwa ndipo posakhalitsa chinasainidwa ndi nthumwi za mayiko 50. Pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomekoyi yalowa, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pa October 24, 1945. Uwu ndi Tsiku la United Nations, loperekedwa pamtunda.

Pali ndondomeko yomwe bungwe la United Nations ndi bungwe lomwe lakhala lovomerezeka ndi malamulo a mayiko ena - League of Nations, omwe adagwira ntchito nkhondo isanayambe. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amati, ntchito za bungwe latsopano zakhala zowonjezereka padziko lapansi, potsata ndondomeko zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Chikhazikitso, ndipo zinakhazikitsidwa panthawiyi.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti poyamba bungwe la United Nations, lomwe liri ndi ufulu wa mayiko odzilamulira, linaphatikizapo mayiko awiri omwe anali a USSR monga mgwirizano wa mgwirizanowu - USSR ya Byelorussian ndi Ukraine. Kuphatikizapo bungwe likudalira kwambiri Britain, India, Philippines, pansi pa US protectorate.

Bajeti ya UN

Ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za UN zikuchitika kudzera mu bajeti ya bungwe. Ndondomeko ya mapangidwe ake akuphatikizapo mayiko onse omwe ali a UN. Ndondomekoyi ikuperekedwa ndi Mlembi Wamkulu potsatizana ndi zomangamanga za bungwe. Kenaka chidziwitsochi chikuwerengedwa ndi Komiti Yolangizira ndi mabungwe ena mkati mwa UN. Ndipotu, akatswiriwa amatumizidwa ku komiti ya bajetiyo. Pambuyo pake - ku Msonkhano Wachigawo kuti pakhale kusintha ndi kuvomereza komaliza.

Bajeti ya bungwe la United Nations ikuyendetsedwa ndi ndalama zokhazokha zomwe zimagwirizana ndi bungwe. Chofunika kwambiri apa ndizo chuma cha dziko, chokhazikitsidwa makamaka pa kukula kwa GDP, komanso ndi kusintha komwe kumaganizira za ndalama za anthu ndi ngongole zina. Bungwe lomwe tsopano likupereka ndalama zochuluka kwambiri ku bajeti ya UN ndi USA, Japan, Germany. M'mayiko 10 apamwamba, Russia imakhalanso ndi misonkho yowonjezera kwambiri.

Misonkhano ndi misonkhano yayikulu ya UN

Zina mwa zilembo zomwe bungwe la United Nations likufalitsa nthaŵi zonse muzochita zake ndizo kulengeza ndi misonkhano. Kodi iwo ali otani? Choyamba, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, mosiyana ndi Tsatanetsatane, malembawa safuna kuti maiko azitsatira zomwe zili m'menemo. Msonkhano wa United Nations, komanso chidziwitso, ndizofunikira kwambiri, monga akatswiri amakhulupirira. Komabe, mayiko angathe kuvomereza mgwirizano, chidziwitso kapena msonkhano pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse. Pakati pa mapepala odziŵika bwino a United Nations, akatswiri amanena za, bungwe la Universal Declaration of Human Rights (lovomerezedwa mu 1948), Kyoto Protocol (1997), Mgwirizano wa Ufulu wa Mwana (1989).

Zochitika za UN

Kodi ntchito ya bungwe la United Nations ikugwira ntchito yotani pa dziko lapansi? Zina mwazofunikira ndikusunga mtendere. Zitha kuwonetsedwa pamagulu otsatirawa:

- kufufuza zochitika za nkhondo, kuyambitsa kukambirana ndi maphwando omwe akugwira nawo ntchito;

- kutsimikiziridwa kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano wotanthawuza kutha kwa moto;

- Zochita zokhudzana ndi kusunga dongosolo, kutsatira malamulo;

- kuthandizidwa ndi chikhalidwe;

- kuyang'anira mikangano.

Zina mwa zida zotheka ku United Nations pankhaniyi ndi khalidwe la kusunga mtendere. Zosangalatsa kuti palibe mfundo zoterezi mu UN Charter. United Nations ikhoza kuyambitsa ntchito zoyenera mogwirizana ndi zolinga zake ndi mfundo zake. Njira imodzi, zosankha zothetsera kuthetsa mikangano zili mkati mwa UN Security Council. Chigawochi chimasankha momwe angayendetsere mtendere, komanso momwe angayang'anire kukhazikitsidwa kwa zisankho zatengedwa.

Gawo lina lofunika la ntchito za UN ndikuyang'ana mkhalidwewu ndi kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu. Monga taonera pamwambapa, bungwe la United Nations linapereka Chidziwitso choyenera mu 1948. Ndondomekoyi itatha, bungwe la United Nations General Assembly linalimbikitsa kuti mayiko omwe akugwira nawo ntchito akulimbikitsana kufalitsa uthenga wapadera, kuti athandize kwambiri kufalitsa uthenga wabwino m'mabungwe a maphunziro.

United Nations ikugwira ntchito mwakhama popereka chithandizo. Chifukwa chochitira ntchito zoterezi chingakhale masoka achilengedwe, mikangano ya nkhondo, mavuto. Chithandizo chingaperekedwe pothandizira zofunika zofunika, komanso polimbikitsa kubwezeretsa chuma, dongosolo la chisamaliro, ndi maphunziro.