Kodi Constantinople anali kuti? Kodi Constantinopo tsopano akutchedwa chiyani?

Mzinda wodabwitsa umene umalowetsa mayina ambiri, anthu ndi maulamuliro ... Mpikisano wamuyaya wa Roma, chiyambi cha Chikhristu cha Orthodox ndi likulu la ufumu umene unalipo zaka zana ... Pa mapu amasiku ano mzinda uwu simudzawupeza, komabe amakhala ndikumakula. Malo omwe Konstantinopo analipo si kutali kwambiri ndi ife. Tiyeni tikambirane za mbiri ya mzinda uno ndi nthano zake zaulemerero m'nkhaniyi.

Zochitika

Kuti adziwe malo pakati pa nyanja ziwiri - Black ndi Mediterranean, anthu anayamba m'zaka za m'ma VII BC. Monga momwe malemba Achigiriki amanenera, chigawo cha Mileto chinakhazikika kumpoto kwa Bosporus Strait. Gombe la Asia lachitsulo linakhazikitsidwa ndi a Megarians. Mizinda iwiri inali moyang'anizana - mu gawo la Ulaya linali Miletus Byzantium, kumbali ya kumwera - Megara Calhedon. Malo awa a kuthetsa anawathandiza kuthetsa vuto la Bosporus. Malonda okondweretsa pakati pa mayiko a Black ndi Aegean Sea, sitima zamalonda, sitima zamalonda ndi maulendo a usilikali zinapereka mwayi wopereka miyambo kwa mizinda yonseyi, yomwe posakhalitsa inakhala imodzi.

Choncho, malo ochepa kwambiri a Bosphorus, omwe pambuyo pake anawatcha kuti doko la Golden Horn, anafika pamene mzinda wa Constantinople ulipo.

Kuyesera kulanda Byzantium

Wolemera ndi wotchuka wa Byzantium anakopera chidwi cha olamulira ambiri ndi ogonjetsa. Pafupifupi zaka 30 pamene Dariyo anagonjetsa, Byzantium inali pansi pa ulamuliro wa ufumu wa Perisiya. Munda wa moyo wamtendere kwa zaka zambiri ku chipata chake unabwera asilikali a mfumu ya Makedoniya - Filipo. Miyezi ingapo yokhomedwa inathera pachabe. Anthu osamvetsetsa ndi olemera amatauni ankakonda kupereka msonkho kwa ogonjetsa ambiri, m'malo molowa m'magazi amagazi komanso ambiri. Kugonjetsa Byzantium kunagonjetsa mfumu ina ya Makedoniya - Alexander Wamkulu.

Ufumu wa Alesandro Wamkulu utatha, mzindawu unagonjetsedwa ndi Roma.

Chikhristu mu Byzantium

Miyambo ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha Aroma ndi Chigiriki sizinali zokhazokha za chikhalidwe cha tsogolo la Constantinople. Kuyambira kumadera akummawa a Ufumu wa Roma, chipembedzo chatsopano, ngati moto, chinapyola m'madera onse a Roma. Mipingo yachikhristu inavomerezedwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi zikhulupiriro zosiyana, ndi maphunziro osiyanasiyana ndi ndalama. Koma kale mu nthawi za utumwi, m'zaka za zana lachiwiri la nthawi yathu ino, kunali masukulu ambiri achikristu ndi zipilala zoyambirira za mabuku achikhristu. Chikhristu chosiyanasiyana chimayamba pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku manda awo ndipo chikudziwikiratu ku dziko lapansi.

Olamulira Achikhristu

Pambuyo pa kupatukana kwa dziko lalikulu, mapiri a Ufumu wa Roma adayamba kudzikhazikitsidwa moyenera monga chikhristu. Mfumu Constantine anatenga ulamuliro mumzinda wakale, ndipo anautcha Constantinople, mwaulemu wake. Chizunzo cha Akristu chinaimitsidwa, akachisi ndi malo olambirira a Khristu anayamba kupembedzedwa mogwirizana ndi malo opatulika achikunja. Konstantin mwiniyo anabatizidwa pa bedi lake lakufa mu 337 AD. Olamulira a pambuyo pake akhala akulimbitsa ndi kulimbikitsa chikhulupiriro chachikristu. Ndipo Justinian mu VI. AD Chikhristu chosiyidwa ndicho chipembedzo chokha chokha, choletsa miyambo yakale m'dera la Ufumu wa Byzantine.

Zaka za Constantinople

Kuthandizidwa ndi boma kwa chikhulupiriro chatsopano kunakhudza moyo ndi dongosolo la boma la mzinda wakale. Dziko limene Constantinople anali, lodzazidwa ndi akachisi ambiri ndi zizindikiro za chikhulupiriro chachikristu. Zakachisi zinkawonekera mumzinda wa ufumuwo, utumiki waumulungu unachitikira, kukopa anthu ambiri kumbali zawo. Mmodzi mwa mipingo yoyamba yotchuka yomwe inayamba pa nthawi ino inali Kachisi wa Sofia ku Constantinople.

Mpingo wa St. Sophia

Woyambitsa wake anali Constantine Wamkulu. Dzina limeneli linali lofala ku Eastern Europe. Sophia anali woyera wachikhristu amene anakhala m'zaka za m'ma II AD. Nthawi zina amamuitana Yesu Khristu kuti amupatse nzeru ndi kuphunzira. Potsanzira chitsanzo cha Constantinople, mipingo yoyamba yachikristu ndi dzina ili imafalikira kumadera onse akummawa a ufumuwo. Mwana wa Constantine komanso wolowa nyumba ya mpando wachifumu wa Byzantine, Mfumu Constantius, anamanganso kachisiyo, n'kuupanga kukhala wokongola komanso wochuluka kwambiri. Zaka zana pambuyo pake, pakuzunzidwa kosalungama kwa mkhristu woyamba wophunzitsa zaumulungu ndi filosofi John The Theologian, akachisi a Constantinople anawonongedwa ndi opanduka, ndipo Cathedral ya St. Sophia inawotchedwa pansi.

Chitsitsimutso cha kachisi chinatheka kokha ndi ulamuliro wa Emperor Justinian.

Wolamulira wachikristu watsopano ankafuna kumanganso tchalitchichi. Malingaliro ake, St. Sophia ku Constantinople ayenera kulemekezedwa, ndipo kachisi woperekedwa kwa iye ayenera kupambana kukongola kwake ndi kukongola kwake mtundu wina uliwonse wa mtundu uwu padziko lonse lapansi. Pogwiritsa ntchito luso lopambana, mfumuyo idapempha oyimangidwe otchuka ndi omanga nthawiyo - Amphimia kuchokera ku Thrall ndi Isidore kuchokera ku Mileto. Pogonjera omangamanga anagwira ntchito othandizira zana, ndipo pomanga nyumbayi anagwiritsidwa ntchito anthu zikwi khumi. Pa utumiki wa Isidore ndi Amphimia anali zipangizo zomangirira kwambiri - granite, marble, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Ntchito yomanga inatenga zaka zisanu, ndipo zotsatira zake zinaposa chiyembekezo cholimba kwambiri.

Malinga ndi nkhani za anthu a m'nthaŵi imene anabwera ku Constantinopo, kachisiyo ankalamulira mzinda wakale, ngati ngalawa yomwe inali ndi mafunde. Akristu ochokera m'madera onse a ufumuwo anadza ku chozizwa chodabwitsa.

Kufooka kwa Constantinople

M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, boma latsopano lachi Islamic linawonekera pa Arabia Peninsula - Caliphate ya Aarabu. Pansi pa zovuta zake, Byzantium inataya zigawo zake zakummawa, ndipo madera a ku Ulaya anagonjetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi Afrigiya, Asilavo, Bulgaria. Chigawo chimene Konstantinopo chinali kupezedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi kutaya msonkho. Ufumu wa Byzantine unataya malo ake ku Eastern Europe ndipo pang'onopang'ono unayamba kuwonongeka.

Mu 1204, magulu a ankhondo a Crusaders, monga mbali ya flotilla ya Venetian ndi ana a ku France, anagwira Constantinople patangotha miyezi ingapo. Pambuyo potsutsa kwa nthawi yaitali, mzindawo unagwa ndipo unalandidwa ndi adaniwo. Mafunde anawononga ntchito zambiri zaluso ndi zipilala za zomangamanga. Kumalo kumene kunali Constantinople wokhutira ndi olemera, ndilo umphawi wadzaoneni komanso wopulumulidwa mu Ufumu wa Roma. Mu 1261 a Byzantine adatha kugonjetsa Constantinople kuchokera ku Latins, koma kunalibenso kotheka kubwezeretsa mzindawo ku ulemerero wake wakale.

Ufumu wa Ottoman

Pofika m'zaka za zana la 15, Ufumu wa Ottoman unali wofutukula malire ake m'madera a ku Ulaya, kubzala Islam, lupanga ndi chiphuphu, kuwonjezera maiko ambiri ndi zinthu zake. Mu 1402, Bayazid wa dziko la Turkey anayesera kutenga Constantinople, koma anagonjetsedwa ndi Emir wa Timur. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Anker kunafooketsa mphamvu ya ufumuwo ndipo kunapitiriza nyengo yachete ya Constantinople kukhalapo kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi.

Mu 1452 Sultan Mehmed 2 atatha kukonza mosamala anayamba kulanda likulu la Ufumu wa Byzantine. Poyamba, adasamalira mizinda yaying'ono, adayendetsa Constantinople pamodzi ndi mabwenzi ake ndipo anayamba kuzungulira. Usiku wa pa 28 May, 1453 mzinda unatengedwa. Mipingo yambiri yachikhristu idasandulika kukhala misikiti ya Muslim, nkhope za oyera mtima ndi zizindikiro za chikhristu zinatayika m'makoma a mipingo, ndipo mwezi unadutsa pa St. Sophia.

Ufumu wa Byzantine unatha, ndipo Constantinople anakhala gawo la Ufumu wa Ottoman.

Ulamuliro wa Suleiman Wachikulire unauza Constantinople ndi "Golden Age" yatsopano. Kwa iye, mzikiti ya Suleymaniye imamangidwa, yomwe imakhala chizindikiro cha Asilamu, mofanana ndi St. Sophia adatsalira kwa Mkhristu aliyense. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Suleiman, ufumu wa Turki unapitiliza kukongoletsa mzinda wakale wokhala ndi luso lapamwamba la zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga m'nthaŵi yonseyo.

Metamorphoses a dzina la mzindawo

Atatha kugwidwa kwa mzindawo, anthu a ku Turkey sanawutchule. Kwa Agiriki, adasunga dzina lake. M'malo mwake, kuchokera pakamwa a Turkey ndi Aarabu, phokoso la "Istanbul", "Istanbul", "Istanbul" linayamba kutchedwa Constantinople. Tsopano pali matembenuzidwe awiri a chiyambi cha mayina awa. Choyambirira choyambirira chimanena kuti dzina ili ndikutanthauzira molakwika mawu achi Greek, mukutanthauzira kutanthawuza kuti "Ndipita ku mzinda, ndikupita ku mzinda". Chiphunzitso china chimachokera pa dzina lakuti Islambul, lomwe pomasulira limatanthauza "mzinda wa Islam". Mabaibulo onsewa ali ndi ufulu wokhalapo. Zili choncho, dzina la Constantinople likugwiritsidwanso ntchito, koma dzina lakuti Istanbul limakhazikitsidwa mozama. Mu mawonekedwe awa, mzindawo umapezanso mapu a mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Russia, koma kwa Agiriki iwo adatchulidwabe ndi mfumu Constantine.

Istanbul yamakono

Dziko limene Constantinople lili pano ndilo Turkey. Komabe, mzindawu unataya udindo wake waukulu: malinga ndi chisankho cha akuluakulu a boma la Turkey, likulu la 1923 linasamutsidwa ku Ankara. Ndipo ngakhale kuti Constantinople tsopano imatchedwa Istanbul, alendo ambiri komanso alendo okacheza ku Byzantium akadali mzinda waukulu wokhala ndi zipilala zambiri zojambulajambula komanso zojambulajambula, zolemera kwambiri m'mayiko akumwera, komanso osakumbukira nthaŵi zonse.