Kugwirizana kwa Astrakhan Khanate. Astrakhan akulowa ku Russia

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Astrakhan Khanate ku Russia kunakhazikitsidwa m'mbiri, monga momwe mayiko angapo anapangidwa chifukwa cha kugwa kwa Golden Horde ndipo nthawi zonse ankasokoneza pakati pawo poopsya malire a kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Russia. Dziko lofooka, makamaka ngati likadali pamsewu wa malonda, nthawi zonse ankafuna kumbuyo. Ndipo panali zofuna zambiri pa ntchitoyi.

Kuthamanga kwa Golden Horde

Astrakhan Khanate adawuka m'zaka za zana la 16 m'dera la Lower Volga. Mkhalidwe wa Chitata uwu unakhazikitsidwa pambuyo kugwa kwa Golden Horde ndipo inali pa gombe lamanja la Volga. Likulu lake, Hadji-Tarkhan, linali makilomita 12 kuchokera ku Astrakhan masiku ano. Choyamba mu 1460 Great Horde inakhazikitsidwa, yomwe inali mbali yapadera ya Golden Horde wakale. Anayendetsedwa ndi Khan Mahmud, yemwe anali mumzinda wa Saraje. Awiri mwa ana ake analibe mphamvu, ndipo Hasim, atapita kumunsi kwa Volga, adadzipatula yekha. Ufulu wonsewu unalandidwa mu 1502, atapambana nkhondo ya asilikali a Crimean Khanate kudutsa mphamvu za Great Horde.

Mnansi wabwino

Pansi pa Hasim pakati pa Moscow, komwe Ivan III anali atakhala, ndipo Hadji-Tarkhan anakhazikitsa malonda. Ankayenda ndi mchere kuchokera m'munsi mwa Volga kupita ku likulu. Mbiri yonse ya ku Russia imatsimikizira kuti malonda ndi Moscow amabweretsa phindu ponseponse. Ku Haji-Tarhan kunali msika waukulu wa akapolo, ndipo katundu wochokera m'mayiko ambiri anayikirapo. Komabe, Astrakhan Khanate siinali mphamvu yodziimira yekha. Pokhala pamalo abwino kwambiri, wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwa anzako osati osati kokha. Khanna ya Crimea ndi Kazan, Nogai Horde, boma, idapangidwanso chifukwa cha kugwa kwa Golden Horde ndipo mkati mwa Volga ndi Urals, Khorezm, anthu onse sankalowerera kuti asamakhale nawo pafupi ndi manja awo. Ngakhale dziko la Turkey linayesa kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa Khanate.

Zosewera kawiri

Kulowa kwa Astrakhan Khanate kunali pulogalamu. Olamulira onse a dziko lino la Chitata anachita masewera awiri ndi Moscow. Ngakhale kuti phindu la malonda ndi ubale ndi Russia, Khan Abdul-Rahman adasainira mgwirizano wachinsinsi ndi Crimea ndi Turkey. Ngakhale poyambirira, mu 1533, motsogoleredwa ndi "chipani cha Russia" chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa ku khoti lake ndi kuphulika mwaufulu ndi Russia, Astrakhan Khanate anamaliza mgwirizano wokhudza zamalonda ndi ndale ndi Moscow, womwe unakhudza ubwenzi ndi kuthandizana. Astrakhan Khanate adayambanso kulembedwa ndi Ivan the Terrible. Chipulumutso chotchedwa Moscow cha Dervish-Ali ndi Abdul-Rahman kuyambira 1533 mpaka 1556 chinapambana pa mpando wachifumu kangapo.

Kuteteza kwa Crimea ndi Turkey

Koma mu 1552 mpaka 1554 mukumenyana kwawo anatha kukhazikitsa chitetezo china cha Crimea - Yamgurchi, amene khalidwe lake, kuphatikizapo kumangidwa ndi kutengedwa kwa ambassador wa Russia, adakwiyitsa wolamulira wa Russia, kuti mu 1554 anapanga ulendo wake woyamba ku makoma a Hadji-Tarhan . Koma kugwirizana kwa Astrakhan Khanate kunalibe cholinga. Ankafuna kuti amuike pamtendere wolimba ku Moscow, kuika pa mpando wachifumu Dervish Ali. Kumbali imodzi, pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Kazan, chikhalidwe cha Astrakhan, pozindikira chiwopsezo, sichikanachita ndi Moscow molakwika. Koma mbali ya Crimea ndi Turkey inakula, zomwe zinapereka thandizo kwa Yamgurchi. Kuwombera komanso kutchulidwa kwazilumba za Nyanja ya Caspian ndi Ambassador Sevastyan Avraamov anakwiya kwambiri ndi Ivan the Terrible kuti asilikali okwana 30,000 okonzeka bwino anatumizidwa ku Volga m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Anatsogoleredwa ndi Ignatius Veshnyakov ndi Yuri Pronsky-Shemyakin. Ndi gawo ili la asilikali, Dervish-Ali nayenso anakwera. Prince Vyazemsky ali ndi gulu la anthu 2500 ndi Danil Chulkov ndi kusakaniza kwakukulu kwa Cossacks anachita mosiyana.

Kupanda pragmatism

Mbiri yonse ya Russia imaphunzitsa adani a dziko lathu kuti asamukhumudwitse iye, koma kuti azikhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu mwaulemu, chifukwa chilango chidzabwera. "Nkhani ya Astrakhan" inayamba mu May. Asilikali onse a ku Russia adayenera kukumana ndi kuyanjana pamalo ochepa kwambiri pakati pa Volga ndi Don, otchedwa Perevolokoy. Makampani a Nogai-Horde Khan Ismail adabweranso kuno, omwe thandizo lawo linali lovomerezeka pa ntchitoyi. Iwo sanabwere, mwinamwake chifukwa "East ndi nkhani yovuta." Koma zofanana, mabungwe a Vyazemsky ndi Pronsky anagonjetsa otsutsa a Astrakhan khanate omwe adatuluka kudzakumana nawo, pakati pawo anali a Janisari. Yamgurchi anathawira ku Azov, akusiya zonse - akazi (khansh), ana, akazi. Mzindawu unatengedwa popanda nkhondo. Pa mpando wachifumuwo anabzala chitetezo cha Moscow, analumbira mokhulupirika kwa iye.

Kenanso "ake"

Koma kulembedwa kwenikweni kwa Astrakhan Khanate kunachitika mtsogolo. Ndipo mwina msonkho womwe unakhazikitsidwa kuti uwalipire unali wosagonjetsedwa (1,200 silver rubles, 3,000 2,5 mita sturgeons, malonda opanda ntchito m'madera onse a khanate), kapena mpweya womwe unali mumzindawu unali wotero, koma Dervish-Ali, katatu anakakhala ndi Moscow pa Mpando wachifumuwo, unasamukira mobisa kumbali ya Crimea ndi Turkey. Pogwira ntchito pamodzi, gululi likufuna kuthawa kwa Ismail, ndipo pomaliza pake, Astrakhan khan anathamangitsidwa ku likulu lake ku Russia. Inde, iwo adafunsa, ndipo tsopano kugwirizana kwa Astrakhan khanate ku Russia kunapeŵeka.

Limbani ndi kulumikiza

Cholinga cha Astrakhan yachiwiri, chomwe chayamba kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1556, chinali kuthetsa ufulu wa Khanate. Msilikali wogwirizana, kwenikweni, anali kulanga. Anaphatikizapo ankhondo a musketeers ndi a Vyatka, a Don ndi a Volga Cossacks, omwe anayenda okha kuti agwirizane pansi pa Astrakhan. Mphamvu zonse zankhondo sizinapitilire 3,000, zomwe zinachitira umboni kufooka kwa khanate yosachita mantha. Ndipotu mzindawu unatengedwa ndi gulu loyambirira la Volga Cossacks lomwe linafika kumalo ake motsogoleredwa ndi Lyapun Filimonov. Ndipo, ngakhale panthawi ya kampani Dervis-Ali anatha kugonjetsa asilikali a Russia, chigonjetso chinali chokwanira, ndipo Astrakhan anakhala gawo la Russia popanda mgwirizano uliwonse.

Kuwonjezera - Kutsekera Kumidzi ndi North Caucasus

Kulowa kwa Astrakhan Khanate, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa August 26, 1556, inali ndi nthendayi ndipo idagwira ntchito yovuta pomaliza kusinthana kwa madera a Golden Horde. Pang'onopang'ono, iwo anali mbali ya Russia kapena anadziwika kuti anali wodalirika: mu 1557 - Nogai Horde, ndiye chaka chomwecho Bashkiria. Ndipo mu 1560 malire a dziko la Russia kummawa ayamba kudutsa mumtsinje, kumwera chakum'mawa - pamodzi ndi Terek. Ndipotu, Kazan ndi Astrakhan khanati ndi kugwa kwawo zinatsegula njira kuti dziko la Russia lifike patsogolo ku Mizinda ya Urals, Terek ndi Kuban. Ndipo kupitilira dziko lathu kunayambira funso lolowera mu Trans-Urals ndi North Caucasus. Koma chinali funso la ndondomeko ya dziko la Russia yokhudzana ndi tsogolo labwino, ndipo m'zaka za zana la 16 Ivan the Terrible inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi dera la Volga, lomwe linapereka malonda opanda ntchito. Kuwonjezera apo, kugonjetsa Astrakhan Khanate kunateteza chitetezero cha malire a Russia kuchokera kumwera, kuchokera ku Crimean Khanate, mdani wamphamvu ndi wamba.