Nkhondo ya Mtsinje Alta. Mbiri yakale ya ku Russia

Mtsinje waung'ono wa ku Ukraine wotchedwa Alta, womwe kutalika kwake suposa mamita makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri, umatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza m'mbiri ya Ancient Rus ndi zochitika zamagazi zomwe zinachitika pamphepete mwa nyanja. Zotsatira zake zinali zovuta ndi kulimbana ndi mphamvu pakati pa olowa nyumba ya mfumu ya Kiev, ndi kukangana, komwe kunakhalapo pakati pa makolo athu ndi anthu osakhalitsa mumzinda wa steppes.

Nkhondo yowonongeka ku mtsinje wa Alte

Mbiri ya nkhondo yotchuka kwambiri yomwe inachitikira mu 1019, imachokera ku imfa ya Kiev kalonga Vladimir Wamkulu, yemwe adamwalira zaka zinayi m'mbuyomo ndipo anasiya ana anayi pambuyo pake. Awiri mwa iwo, Yaroslav ndi Svyatopolk, omwe ankatsogolera asilikali awo anakumana pamabanki a Alta, akuyesa kupyola lupanga kupita ku mphamvu yomwe akufuna. Ubale wapamtima ndi wobatizidwa woyera wa Russia sanawalepheretse kusasula malupanga awo ndi mwazi wa abale.

Zaka zinayi izi zisanachitike, kuchokera m'manja mwa azondi omwe anatumidwa ndi Svyatopolk, omwe adakonza malamulo onse aumulungu ndi aumunthu chifukwa cha mphamvu, abale awo ena awiri, Boris ndi Gleb, omwe adavomerezedwa pamaso pa ophedwa, adafera. Svyatopolk wachinyengowa analandira kuchokera kwa mbadwazo dzina lakuti "Kuwonongeka".

Magazi amagazi akulimbana ndi mphamvu

Nkhondo ya Mtsinje Alte (chaka cha 1019) sikunali koyamba kukumana pakati pa abale. Kawiri kawiri izi zisanachitike, mdani wa mtundu wa anthu adasokoneza malingaliro awo ndi ludzu la mphamvu, kukankhira mwazi chifukwa cha ulemerero wa dziko ndi chuma. Kwa nthawi yoyamba izo zinachitika mu 1016 chaka. Pambuyo pa imfa yodala ya makolo awo equipo, mphamvu ku Kiev inapita ku Svyatopolk, koma Yaroslav wosagonjetsa anagonjetsa ulamuliro wake pomgonjetsa mbale wake, yemwe adapambana pa nkhondo ya Lubich.

Kachiwiri magazi awo anakhetsedwa zaka ziwiri kenako m'mphepete mwa Western Bug, pamene Svyatopolk, yemwe anali wofunitsitsa kubwezera, anapempha thandizo la apongozi ake, Mfumu ya Poland Polish Boleslaw I, kuti athawe usilikali. Komabe, chigonjetso chake sichinakhalepo nthawi yaitali - atalandira kulandizidwa komwe adalonjezedwa kuti athandizidwe ndi kuopa chisokonezo chodziwika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwawo, Apoles anasiya Svyatopolk kuti adziwonekere. Poopa kuti apachikidwa, mfumu yonyengayo inathawira ku Pechenegs, motero n'kupita ku mpando wachifumu wa Kiev kwa mchimwene wake Yaroslav.

Nkhondo pakati pa abale

Ndipo, potsiriza, nkhondo yawo yomalizira inali nkhondo ku mtsinje wa Alta. Mbiri yakhala yopanda malire zambiri zokhudza izo. Koma kuchokera m'mbiri yakale amadziwika kuti nthawi ino Svyatopolk nayenso anagwiritsira ntchito thandizo la alendo kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake, kutsogolera Pechenegs naye pankhondo, kuwanyengerera ndi malonjezano opatsa.

Yaroslav, komabe, anali ndi njala yochepa kuposa mchimwene wake, komabe ankadalira kokha kuthandizidwa ndi achibale ake, popanda kuthandizidwa ndi alendo komanso osagulitsa ndi mayiko a Russia. Anatha kusonkhanitsa gulu lalikulu la asilikali ku Novgorod, atanyamula zida zankhondo komanso zogwiritsidwa ntchito podziwononga nzika zawo. Mfundo yomwe anali kutsutsana nayo inali nkhondo ku mtsinje wa Alta.

Mbiri siinasunge mbiri yolondola yeniyeni kumene Vladimir Vladimirovich anakumana nayo nkhondo yakupha. Zimadziwika kuti izi zinachitika pamalo pomwe mu July 1015 pamtsinjewu moyo wa mchimwene wawo wachitatu, Boris, unadulidwa. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena kuti nsomba zamatsenga zinatha tsiku lonse ndipo zinagonjetsa gulu la Yaroslav.

Mkwiyo wa Mulungu womwe unamukantha Svyatopolk tsiku limenelo anali chilango choyenera chifukwa cha chinyengo chake choyamba. Atapulumutsa moyo wake, anayesetsa kuthaŵa ku Poland kupita ku Czech Republic, koma panjirayo anamwalira, atagwa ndi matenda. Mpando wachifumu wa Kiev unapita kwa mchimwene wake, yemwe adatsika m'mbiri yakale dzina lake Yaroslav Wochenjera.

Olowa atsopano a mphamvu zapamwamba

Nkhondo ina imadziwika pa mtsinje wa Alta, womwe ndi 1068. Chochitika ichi chakhala tsamba lokhumudwitsa m'mbiri ya Russia, koma amakumbukiridwanso m'mbiri yomwe yapulumuka kwa ife. Panthawiyi olamulira a Russia anali ana a womwalira Kalonga wa Kiev Yaroslav Wanzeru - Vsevolod, Svyatoslav ndi Izyaslav. Ataika mphamvu zonse m'manja mwao, adatha kugonjera okha Smolensk ndi Volhynia, omwe adasungira ufulu wawo kufikira nthawi imeneyo.

A triumvirate awo anayesa kukhala pamtendere ndi anzao amphamvu ndi okwiyitsa - Polovtsian Khan Sharukan. Mu 1055 iye adatha kuthetsa mgwirizano wamtendere. Komabe, patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, akukonza malonjezano awo, Polovtsi adagonjetsa Rus, akudutsa ku bwalo lamanzere la Dnieper.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa akalonga pamphepete mwa Alta

Kufikira 1068, kuzunzika kwapakati pa nkhondo kunapitiliza, chifukwa cha abale a kalonga anakakamizidwa kukomana nawo mtsogoleri wa gulu lalikulu. Zotsatira za msonkhanowu ndi nkhondo ya Alta. Mbiri ya tsiku la chochitika ichi siinasungidwe, tsatanetsatane wa zomwe zinachitika tsiku lokhumudwitsa ku banki la Alta zatibisika kwa ife. Iwo amadziwika kokha za kugonjetsedwa mwankhanza kwa asilikali a Russia ku asilikali a Polovtsian Khan Sharukan.

Atalimbikitsidwa ndi chigonjetso, anthu omwe ankakhala mumzindawu ankalimbitsa nkhondo zawo, anthu omwe ankagwira ntchito yopanda chitetezo komanso kukafika ku Kiev. Anthu a m'mudzimo wokwiyawo adafuna kuti olamulira awo, omwe adabwerera m'mbuyo mwatsatanetsatane, adagawire zida kwa anthu onse ndikukonzekera asilikali, ndipo atalandira kukana, adautsa chiwawa chomwe chinatsala pang'ono kukwera akalonga a mphamvu zawo zazikuru.