Hoplites achigiriki: zida, chithunzi. Kodi ma hoplite achi Greek ndi ndani?

Kale ku Sparta, okwera pamahatchi anali aang'ono kwambiri, chifukwa anthu amtunduwu ankaganiza kuti mtundu wa asilikaliwo ndi wochepa. Ambiri anali amphamvu (hoplites). Zida zawo zinali ndi chishango chachikulu, lupanga ndi mkondo wamtali.

Hoplites achigiriki: ndani uyu?

Si chinsinsi chakuti mbiri yakale ya Dziko Lakalekale ili ndi nkhondo zankhanza komanso nkhondo zachiwawa. Dziko lililonse linkafuna kuti likhale ndi asilikali olimba, komanso Greece. Ambiri mwa asilikali ake anali a hoplite - asilikali amphamvu kwambiri. Iwo anawonekera koyamba ku gulu la Ancient Sparta. Ma hoplites achigiriki, kwenikweni, anali nzika zankhondo ndipo anatumizidwa kuti apindule ndi mzinda wa mzinda umene ankakhalamo.

M'masiku amenewo, kunyamula usilikali kunali udindo wa munthu aliyense. Choncho, misonkhano yonse ya nzikayi idasandulika kukhala msonkhano wa ankhondo omwe adatumikira nthawi yawo kapena akadali akutumikira pa nthawiyo. Zimapezeka kuti nzika iliyonse ya ndondomeko yaulere posakhalitsa inakhala hoplite.

Zikuyenera kunenedwa kuti asilikaliwa, kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi zaka mazana anayi, analamulira nkhondo. Zikudziwika kuti pamaso pa atate wa Alexander Wamkulu, Mfumu Philip II, hoplites anali maziko a chipani cha pulasitiki.

Kale la Greece maulendo a maulendo amagawidwa m'magulu angapo amathawa. Wammwambamwamba anali mliri, ndiye oyamwa, omwe, nawonso, anaphwasulidwa kukhala timagulu ting'onoang'ono. Mafumu, atsogoleri a a Moras, amatchedwa Polomarchs, ndi Lohs - Lohagi.

Zida

Hoplites achigiriki nthawi zonse ankanyamula zikopa zamagetsi, kapena maholo. Iwo anali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira ndipo analilemera olemera makilogalamu 8. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti asilikaliwo atathawa chinthu choyamba chomwe adataya zikopa zawo chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka, kotero kutayika kwa hoplon kunkachititsidwa manyazi chifukwa cha hoplite iliyonse. Iwo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito osati kuti aziphimba thupi panthawi ya nkhondo, komanso monga otambasula, omwe anali ovulala kapena ophedwa omwe anafa.

Olemba mbiri nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsa chiyambi cha mawu otchuka "ndi chishango kapena chishango" ndi chovala ichi chachi Greek. Kawirikawiri phokosoli linali ndi maziko a matabwa, omwe anali panja ndi chitsulo kapena pepala lamkuwa, ndipo anali ndi mkatikati - ataphimbidwa ndi zikopa. Pa izo panali mabokosi abwino, kumene dzanja la msilikali linadutsa. Chombo chachikulu cha hoplites chinali Xiphos - malupanga ophwanyika kapena othawa - malupanga ophwanyika omwe amawombera. Kuonjezera apo, adayenera kuvala ma xychons - mikondo mamita atatu kuti aponyedwe.

Kupanga zida

Poyambirira, boma silinayang'ane za kupereka asilikali ake ndi zida, ndipo ngakhale kupititsa lamulo malinga ndi zomwe hoplite iliyonse ya Chigiriki (zaka za m'ma 500 BC) idayenera kukonzedwa ndi ndalama zake, ngakhale kuti ndalama zonse zodzikongoletsa sizinali zotsika mtengo (pafupifupi madikima 30). Ndalamayi inali yofanana ndi malipiro a mweziwo. Kawirikawiri zida zoterezi zimadutsa cholowa.

Mwa njirayi, zomwe zinapangidwa ku Girisi zakale zinakula makamaka mu ndondomeko, ndipo m'midzi yaing'ono idatumizidwa kuchokera kumadera ena. Pa nthawi ya Pericles, malo ogwirira ntchito yaikulu anali kugwira ntchito ku Athens, kumene iwo anali kupanga kupanga zikopa. N'kutheka kuti inali yaikulu kwambiri ku Girisi yakale. Anagwiritsa ntchito akapolo okwana 120 komanso nzika zambiri zaulere.

Zida za hoplite ya Chigiriki

Poyamba, asilikaliwo ankavala helmets kapena ma skittles pamutu pawo. Iwo anapangidwa ndi mkuwa ndipo amakongoletsedwa ndi chisa cha horsehair. Iwo anali akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira zaka VII mpaka VI. BC. E., Mpaka iwo atalowetsedwa ndi A Korinto. Ma helmet atsopano anatsekedwa ndipo anali ndi mabowo okhawo pakamwa ndi maso. Kunja kwa nkhondo, nthawi zambiri ankasuntha kumbuyo kwa mutu. Pambuyo pake, zipewa za chalcid zinayambira, zomwe zinatsegula makutu atseguka. M'zaka za m'ma II. BC. E. Anthu otchuka kwambiri anali Thracian - ali ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kwambiri, kamene amawatsatiridwa ndi nashchechnikami ndi phokoso.

Nthenda ya msilikali kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo inatetezedwa ndi chifuwa chachifuwa cha chifuwa - chifuwa chachikulu. Kawiri kawiri ankalemera talente imodzi (pafupifupi makilogalamu 34), koma asilikari ena anali ndi zida ndipo nthawi ziwiri zinali zolemetsa. Patapita nthawi, chiwerengero cha hippothorax chinayamba kusinthidwa ndi chikwangwani chowala kwambiri - chigoba cha nsalu chotchedwa linotorax.

Mbali zina za thupi zidatetezedwanso. Kotero, ma hoplites achi Greek anali ndi zilembo - knimids, komanso ndi handcuffs, zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi. BC. E. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi zambiri zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza, zomwe akatswiri asayansi apeza pa Peloponnesian Peninsula. Pa amphorae zambiri ndi zinthu zina za mafano a tsiku ndi tsiku nthawi zambiri ankasanza, kumene hoplite yachigiriki (chithunzi cha chotengera choterechi chafotokozedwa m'munsimu) kumenyana ndi chida chotsutsana ndi mdani wotsatira.

Kusintha kwa Asilikali

M'zaka za VII-V. BC. E. Kusinthika kunkachitika pofuna kulemera zida za hoplites. Mwachidziwikire, zoterozo zinatengedwa ndi cholinga chosunga moyo wa asilikari, popeza asilikali a Spartan panthawiyo anali ndi nyanja 8 zokha, ndipo awa ndi asilikali oposa 4,000.

Komabe, kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 5 BC, BC. E. Zipangizo za asilikali achigiriki zinayamba kuoneka mosavuta: zida zankhondo zinayamba kuchotsa zikopa zamatenda. Anatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka komanso kuphulika. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali kusintha kwa zomangamanga. Zinakhala zovuta komanso zozama, ndipo chiwerengero cha asilikali m'mabwalowa chinapitirira kawiri. Nambala yokha ya magulu a Spartan sanasinthe - asilikali 144 aliyense. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zomangamanga, kupweteka kwake kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono, motero manja a asilikali sanali pangozi yowonongeka. Tsopano, zida zowolasa nthawi zambiri zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito, motero mikondo imatha kutalika mamita 3 mpaka 6. Kotero, hoplites achigriki anayamba kukhala sarissofors - asilikali apansi, omwe anapanga maziko a phalanges.

Miyambo

Kawirikawiri anthu a ku Spartan ankayenda mwezi wathunthu, ndipo mtsogoleri wawo asanayambe kupereka nsembe, amatha kupereka nsembeyi. Pamaso pa ankhondo, nthawizonse ankanyamula moto, kuchotsedwa ku Sparta, zomwe zinali zofunikira kuti ziwotchere zamoto tsopano chifukwa cha kupereka nsembe. Kuwonjezera apo, iwo anatenga nawo chithunzi cha omwe analandira Dioscuri. Iwo adalumikiza mgwirizano wa mgwirizano wa amtundu wankhondo ndipo anali zolinga kwa ankhondo a Spartan.

Gulu la ankhondo lachi Greek linakhala pafupi ndi mtundu wonse wa bwalo ndipo ankasungidwa bwino. Ndiyenera kunena kuti panthawi yomwe anthu a ku Spartan amavala bwino kwambiri. Mmalo mwa chovala chachizolowezi cha nsalu yotchedwa coarse, iwo ankavala zovala zofiira, ndipo m'malo mwa paki - kuunikira chida choyeretsedwa. Kulowa kunkhondo, asilikari ankavala mikanda, ngati kuti amapita ku holide.

Chikhalidwe cha ankhondo

Asilikaliwo sanali a hoplite achi Greek okha. Kodi ndi anthu otani omwe amathandiza anthu a ku Spartan kulimbana, mumaphunzira zambiri. Popeza kuti Agiriki ankaganiza kuti magulu okwera pamahatchi anali opanda pake, kawirikawiri akavalo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pobweretsa ankhondo amphamvu ku nkhondo. Choncho, m'masiku amenewo, kuphatikizapo tchire lalikulu (tilkites), palinso kuwala, komwe kuli anthu osowa kwambiri ndi am'tauni komanso akapolo. Otsatirawa, ngakhale kuti analipo, anali anthu odalirika, odzipereka kwa ambuye awo.

Buri hoplite anali ndi kapolo wake yemwe, yemwe adamuthandiza kuvala zida zake. Akapolo omenyera nkhondo anali oponyera matayala omwe ankavala matumba angapo a dongo kapena miyala, mpaka mamita 40 m'lifupi mwake. Ichi chinali choponyera. Mkazi wakeyo adasunthira mutu wake, kenako adamasulidwa. Chimake chinachoka ndipo chinagonjetsa mdani pa liwiro lalikulu, kuvulaza kwambiri pambali ya thupi.

Akuponya

Mafupawa amatchedwa kuwala kwachinyama, okhala ndi miketi. Iwo adatumizidwa kuchokera pakati pa anthu osauka kwambiri a m'mudzi omwe sanathe kugula zida ndi zida za hoplite. Zinkachitika kuti ena a iwo adagula zovala zoterozo pa akaunti ya mzinda.

Amunawa anali kuponyera zida zawo patali pafupifupi mamita 15. Sankasowa ndalama zambiri, popeza adatha kugwiritsa ntchito ochepa panthawi yochepa, mpaka mdaniyo atayandikira kwambiri. Ndiyenera kunena kuti chida monga chida chinali choopsa kwambiri kuposa mtsinje, chifukwa, kulowa mu chitetezo cha mdani, chinagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuteteza chitetezo chilichonse.

Maphunziro ndi maphunziro

Monga mukudziwira, hoplites achi Greek ndi asilikali omwe sankatha kupanga mapangidwe awo, ndipo ngakhale za luso lakumenyana ndi manja palibe funso. Inde, tingaganize kuti nzika zaulere zinali kuchita zozizwitsa, koma kuti azigwira ntchito nthawi zonse kuti azikhala ndi matupi abwino, makamaka atakula msinkhu, ngakhale kwa anthu osauka, panalibe mwayi kapena mphamvu.

Chinanso chinthu cha ku Spain. Kuyambira ali mwana, aliyense wa iwo aphunzitsidwa luso la nkhondo. Iwo ankadziwa momwe angamenyere bwino, ndipo anali okondwa nawo. Ma hoplite a Spartan sanangodziwa momwe angasungire dongosololi molakwika, mmalo omwe oyendetsa alonda adawathandiza, komanso amayesetsa kumenyana ndi manja. Iwo anali pafupifupi ankhondo abwino kwambiri a Dziko Lakale.

300 a Spartans

Tinganene motsimikiza kuti hoplite yachi Greek inathandiza kwambiri poteteza mizinda yawo ku magulu a adani. 480 BC. E. - ino ndi nthawi imene gulu lankhondo lalikulu la Tsar la Persia Xerx linawoloka pamtunda ndikuukira dziko lakunja. Greece inakakamizika kudziimira. Ankhondo ake ogwirizana anali ndi maselo a hoplites, otumizidwa kuchokera kumizinda khumi ndi imodzi, kuphatikizapo Sparta. Pofuna kuteteza mdani wina kuti alowe mkati mwa dzikoli, Agiriki adayesa kuletsa Chipatala Chopapatiza cha Thermopyl. Masiku awiri adatha kugonjetsa mphamvu za Aperisi, koma kuperekedwa kwa mmodzi mwa anthu a m'dzikolo, amene adagonjetsa adani awo powatsutsa, sanapatse mwayi umodzi wopambana. Gulu lonse lachi Greek linabwerera, kupatula mazana atatu a Spartans ndi magulu ena awiri - Thebans ndi Thessians, omwe, ngakhale, mofulumira, nayenso, adapereka ku chifundo cha mdaniyo.

Anthu a ku Spartan ankadziwa kuti sangathe kupambana nkhondo, koma lamulo ndi ulemu sizinalole kuti apite. Pano, ku Thermopylae, adateteza malo awo - Opuntska Lokrida ndi Boeotia, kupyolera mwa asilikali a Perisiya omwe adayenera kudutsa. A hoplite olimba mtima sanabwerere ndipo anafa, akumenya nkhondo mosiyana.

Nthawi ikupita patsogolo, koma nkhaniyi idakalipo umboni wosatsutsika wa kukhalapo kwa mzinda waufulu wa Sparta ndi ankhondo ake olimba mtima omwe anateteza dziko lawo kwa adani. Kukonda kwawo kumakondabe ndi anthu ambiri, ndipo akuluakulu apamwamba amawombera mafilimu okhudza iwo. Kuwonjezera apo, pafupifupi mu sitolo iliyonse yomwe ili ndi dipatimenti yokumbutsa, payenera kukhala osachepera chimodzimodzi cha hoplite yachi Greek mu chovala chodabwitsa kwambiri.