Kodi mpweya monoxide? kapangidwe maselo

carbon monoxide amatchedwanso carbon monoxide ali amphamvu kwambiri dongosolo maselo, ndi inert kwa katundu mankhwala ndi bwino sungunuka m'madzi. pawiri Iyi ndi poizoni kwambiri pamene anamasulidwa mu dongosolo kupuma chikugwirizana ndi hemoglobin magazi, ndipo izo zimathera kutengerapo mpweya zimakhala ndi ziwalo.

dzina mankhwala ndi chilinganizo

Mpweya monoxide imatchedwanso ndi mayina ena, kuphatikizapo mpweya monoxide II. Tsiku ndi tsiku, kaŵirikaŵiri wotchedwa carbon monoxide. monoxide Izi mpweya ndi mpweya woipa, colorless ndi zoipa, odorless. mankhwala chilinganizo ake - NKHA, ndi unyinji wa molekyulu limodzi ndi 28,01 g / mol.

Mmene thupi

Mpweya monoxide chimamanga kuti hemoglobin kupanga carboxyhemoglobin amene si mpweya onyamula mphamvu. Inhalation nthunzi amachititsa CNS kuwonongeka (chapakati mantha dongosolo), ndi suffocation. The chifukwa chosowa mpweya amachititsa mutu, chizungulire, utachepa kugunda kwa mtima ndi kupuma mlingo, zikubweretsa kukomoka ndi wotsatira imfa ya chamoyo.

gasi poizoni

Mpweya monoxide amapangidwa ndi kuyaka tsankho zinthu munali mpweya, monga mwa injini kuyaka mkati. Pawiri 1 chikuphatikizapo mpweya atomu covalently womangidwa kwa atomu imodzi oxygen. Mpweya umenewu kwambiri poizoni, ndipo ndi imodzi mwa zomwe zimakonda poyizoni amapha lonse. Ndinakumana zingachititse kuti kuwonongeka mtima ndi ziwalo zina.

Kodi ntchito mpweya monoxide?

Ngakhale kawopsedwe ake aakulu, mpweya monoxide lipindulitsa kwambiri - chifukwa cha luso lamakono wa ku kulenga lonse osiyanasiyana mankhwala ofunika. Mpweya monoxide ngakhale lero imatengedwa poizoni zopezeka m'chilengedwe, koma osati ndalama monga Mwachitsanzo, mpweya.

Kolakwika ndi anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti palibe kugwirizana mpweya monoxide m'chilengedwe. NKHA kusungunuka mu osungunula chiphala mwala pa mavuto mkulu m'malaya lapansi. The zili oxides mpweya mu mpweya chiphala zimasiyanasiyana zosakwana 0.01% kuti 2%, malingana ndi phiri. Popeza masoka pawiri izi si mtengo zonse, molondola kuyeza mpweya gasi sizingatheke.

katundu mankhwala

Mpweya monoxide (NKHA chilinganizo) anafotokoza kuti nesoleobrazuyuschim kapena oxides osayanjanitsika. Komabe, kutentha +200 ^Inu C umakaphatikizana ndi hydroxide ndi sodium. Pa izi ndondomeko mankhwala ndi mapangidwe formate ndi sodium:

NaOH + NKHA = HCOONa (formic asidi mchere).

Katundu wa carbon monoxide zochokera sichisinthasinthanso ake. Utsi umenewu:

• akhoza anachitira ndi mpweya: 2 Akorinto + O ₂ = 2 Akorinto _2;
• angathe yatikhudza ndi halogens: NKHA + CL ₂ = COCl ₂ (phosgene);
• Ilo liri ndi chuma wapadera kuti achire zitsulo choyera kuchokera oxides awo: Fe ₂ O ₃ + 3CO = 2Fe + 3CO _2;
• kupanga zitsulo carbonyls: Fe + 5CO = Fe (NKHA ) _5;
• mwangwiro sungunuka chloroform, asidi acetic, Mowa, benzene ndi hydroxide ammonium.

Kapangidwe ka molekyulu ndi

maatomu awiri amene Ndipotu, ndi molekyulu wa carbon monoxide (NKHA), yogwirizana patatu muzikondana. Awiri a iwo anapanga ndi merging tsa-ma elekitironi wa maatomu mpweya ndi mpweya, ndi wachitatu - zikomo kwa limagwirira wapadera chifukwa ufulu mpweya 2p yozungulira ndi 2p-elekitironi awiriawiri oxygen. Kapangidwe limapereka molekyulu mphamvu yapamwamba.

A mbiri pang'ono

Aristotle wa Greece wakale anafotokoza fumes poizoni opangidwa ndi malasha. Limagwirira kwambiri imfa sakumudziwa. Koma wina mwa njira zakale za chilango anali kutseka zotsutsana ndi malamulo mu chipinda nthunzi, kumene makala anali. Dokotala Greek Galen adafotokoza kuti mu mlengalenga pali kusintha zina zimene zimayambitsa mavuto ngati Mpweya.

Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, mpweya osakaniza zosafunika wa carbon monoxide ntchito ngati mafuta galimoto ku mbali zina za dziko, kumene kunali yochepa mafuta ndi dizilo. Link (ndi ena kuchotserapo) magudumu makala kapena gasi mitengo zakhazikitsidwa, koma osakaniza asafe mumlengalenga, mpweya monoxide, ndi wochepa mpweya zina amaperekedwa kwa chosakanizira mpweya. Izi zinali otchedwa nkhuni mpweya.

The makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa carbon monoxide

Mpweya monoxide opangidwa mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni tsankho la mankhwala carbonaceous. NKHA aumbike pamene osakwanira mpweya kutulutsa mpweya woipa (NKHA _{2) Mwachitsanzo,} pa ntchito ya ng'anjo kapena injini kuyaka mkati mwa malo ndi akachita. Ngati mpweya alipo, komanso ena mumlengalenga ndende ya amayaka carbon monoxide yochokera buluu kuwala, kupanga carbon dioxide, kudziwika monga mpweya.

Mpweya woipa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka 1960 ya atumwi wotsiriza kwa maofesi mkati kuunikira, kuphika ndi Kutentha, iye anali ndi gawo la mafuta ndi mbali yofunika. Njira zina mwa njira zamakono zamakono monga yadothi chitsulo akadali kutulutsa carbon monoxide monga byproduct a. Kugwirizana yokha NKHA ndi oxidized kuti NKHA ₂ firiji.

Kodi pali NKHA m'chilengedwe?

Ngati pali mpweya monoxide m'chilengedwe? Njira imodzi yake ya chibadwidwe chiyambi ndi zochita photochemical mu troposphere lapansi. njira izi akuganiza kuti akhoza kupanga pafupifupi 5 × ¹⁰ December wothandizila makilogalamu makalata; oday. Mwa zina, monga tatchulazi, ndi mapiri, moto nkhalango ndi zina kuyaka.

katundu maselo

Mpweya monoxide ali misa molar a 28,0, zomwe zimapangitsa izo pang'ono zochepa wandiweyani kuposa mpweya. Mgwirizano kutalika pakati pa maatomu awiri - 112,8 micrometers. Ndi pafupi kumupatsa lina la amphamvu nsinga mankhwala. Onse zinthu molumikizana ndi NKHA ndi 10 ma elekitironi mu valence chigoba cha munthu.

Monga ulamuliro, ndi carbonyl organic mankhwala pali ubale awiri. Mbali khalidwe la NKHA molekyulu ndi zimene zimachitika pakati pa maatomu amphamvu patatu chomangira ma elekitironi acemera 6 3 kugwirizana orbitals maselo. Popeza anayi a ma elekitironi nawo ochokera ku atomu mpweya ndi 2 kokha kwa mpweya wina wotanganidwa ndi awiri kugwirizana ma elekitironi yozungulira wa O _2, n'kupanga dipole kapena dative muzikondana. Izi zimapangitsa C ← O kugawanika kwa mamolekyulu ndi mtengo wochepa "-" pa mpweya ndi mtengo wochepa "+" pa mpweya wa.

Otsala awiri orbitals okhudzidwa ndi wotanganidwa ndi tinthu mlandu wa carbon ndi oxygen wina. Molekyulu ndi asymmetric: mpweya ali ndi elekitironi osalimba kuposa mpweya ndipo inunso pang'ono ndithu mlandu, poyerekeza ndi mpweya negative.

phwando

Makampani, kupeza mpweya monoxide NKHA izo ikuchitika ndi Kutentha mpweya popanda mwayi wa mpweya kapena nthunzi ya madzi ndi malasha:

NKHA ₂ + C = 2 Akorinto;

H ₂ O + C = NKHA + H _2.

Yotsirizira umatchedwanso osakaniza chinali nthunzi kapena kaphatikizidwe mpweya. M'mikhalidwe choyezera, mpweya monoxide II mwa kugonjera asidi organic anaikira chidulo cha safuriki, omwe amachita ngati wothandizira dehydrating:

HCOOH = NKHA + H ₂ Inu;

H ₂ C ₂ O ₄ = NKHA ₂ + H ₂ O.

Zizindikiro zazikulu ndi thandizo ndi NKHA poyizoni

Kodi mpweya monoxide poizoni? Inde, ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Mpweya monoxide poyizoni ndi chodabwitsa ambiri padziko lonse. Zizindikiro ambiri ndi:

• kumverera kufooka;
• nseru;
• chizungulire;
• kutopa;
• irritability;
• kusafuna chakudya;
• mutu;
• disorientation;
• amaona masomphenya;
• kusanza;
• kukomoka;
• kupweteka.

Ndinakumana ndi mpweya izi poizoni kungawononge kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kungachititse kuti yaitali matenda aakulu pathological. Mpweya umenewu amatha kuchititsa ngozi yoopsa kwa mwana wosabadwayo za mkazi wa pakati. Anavutika Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo moto, ayenera kupereka chithandizo mwamsanga. Akufunika kuti itanani ambulansi, kupereka mwayi kwa mpweya wabwino, zovala hampering kupuma, amateteza, ofunda. poyizoni aakulu nthawi ankachitira yekha kuyang'aniridwa ndi madokotala kuchipatala.

ntchito

Mpweya umenewu, monga tanenera kale, ndi poizoni ndi yoopsa, koma ndi mmodzi wa mankhwala zofunika amene ntchito mafakitale zamakono kwa kaphatikizidwe organic. NKHA ntchito kubala zitsulo wangwiro, carbonyls, phosgene, mpweya sulfide, mowa methyl, formamide, onunkhira aldehydes, formic acid. mankhwala ndi ntchito ngati mafuta. Ngakhale kawopsedwe ake ndi kawopsedwe, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pamene zinthu yaiwisi yopangira zinthu zosiyanasiyana makampani mankhwala a.

Mpweya monoxide ndi mpweya: kodi pali kusiyana?

Monoxide ndi mpweya (NKHA ndi NKHA ₂₎ nthawi zambiri kolakwika kwa wina ndi mzake. mpweya onse ali odorless, colorless, ndi onse kungasokoneze pa dongosolo mtima. mpweya onse angalowe m'thupi kudzera inhalation, khungu ndi maso. Izi mankhwala atadziŵa zamoyo kugawana angapo zizindikiro - mutu, chizungulire, khunyu ndi kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo. Anthu ambiri nkomwe kusiyana ndi samazindikira kuti galimoto utsi fumes panamveka monga NKHA, ndi NKHA _2. Mkati kuwonjezeka mu ndende ya mpweya wa mitundu imeneyi kungakhale koopsa anthu thanzi ndi chitetezo, nkhani zochita zawo. Kodi kusiyana kwake?

Pa woipa mkulu wa onse akhoza chakupha. kusiyana lake lili kuti NKHA ₂ ndi wamba gasi, koyenera kuti onse zomera ndi nyama. NKHA si wamba. Izi ndi zopangidwa mpweya-free kuyaka. Yovutayi mankhwala kusiyana pokhala kuti NKHA ₂ mmodzi mpweya atomu ndi awiri mpweya atomu, koma kokha NKHA iwo mmodzi ndi mmodzi. Mpweya woipa ndi sanali flammable, pamene umenewu zambiri Kuipako.

Mpweya woipa mwachibadwa anapeza mu mlengalenga, anthu ndi nyama kupuma mpweya ndi wotuluka tikamapuma carbon dioxide, i.e. anthu akhoza kulimbana pang'ono. gasi Izi kunatanthauzanso dzuwa ndi zomera. Komabe, mpweya monoxide zimachokeradi mwachibadwa mu mlengalenga zikhoza matenda ngakhale pa woipa otsika. Onse kachulukidwe mafuta ndi osiyana komanso. Mpweya woipa ndi ankawonjezereka ndi wandiweyani kuposa mpweya, pamene mpweya monoxide ndi zosavuta. peculiarity Izi n'komwe mu kukhazikitsa masensa yoyenera m'nyumba.