Ndondomeko mankhwala ndi chiyani? Chemical ndondomeko: chofunikira ndi udindo mu chikhalidwe

kutembenuka tonse mankhwala anati mu chilengedwe, ndipo zimachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu Tingaone monga mankhwala zako. The reactants akhoza kukhala nawo monga awiri kapena kuposa a zinthu mu umodzi kapena limati osiyanasiyana loitanirana. Malinga kusiyana ino pakati pa machitidwe homogeneous kapena sakanikira. a zikhalidwe ndi mbali yapadera ya udindo wa mankhwala zako m'chilengedwe ayankhidwa mu pepala ili.

Kodi zikutanthauzanji mankhwala anachita

Ngati chifukwa cha ntchito mogwirizana kwa zipangizo kuyambira zagonjetsedwa kusintha mbali ya mamolekyulu ndi milandu atomiki mtima ndinu yemweyo, kunena za zochita mankhwala kapena njira. Zamgululi anapanga chifukwa cha zochita zawo, munthu ntchito mu mafakitale ulimi ndi mabanja. A nambala yaikulu ankachita pakati pa zinthu kumachitika, monga kukhala ndi zomera mu chirengedwe. mankhwala zako ndi kusiyana tikambirane zochitika thupi ndi katundu cha mpweya wa poizoni. Mu zinthu zatsopano anapanga molekyulu, koma njira thupi saphonya zikuchokera mankhwala, ndi zochita nyukiliya zimachitika maatomu zinthu zatsopano mankhwala.

Zinthu umagwirira ndondomeko

Iwo akhoza kukhala osiyana ndi kudalira kwenikweni khalidwe la reagents zofunika athandizira mphamvu kuchokera kunja, komanso chikhalidwe cha loitanirana (zolimba, njira, mpweya) imene ndondomeko kumachitika. Limagwirira cha zimene zimachitika pakati pa mankhwala awiri kapena kuposa mankhwala akhoza ikuchitika pansi zochita za catalysts (mwachitsanzo, asidi nitric), kutentha (kupanga la ammonia), mphamvu ya kuwala (dzuwa). Mothandizidwa ndi michere mu chikhalidwe moyo wa mankhwala anachita nayonso mphamvu ambiri (mowa, asidi lactic, butyric acid) ntchito mu chakudya ndi mafakitale microbiological. Pakuti malonda mu organic makampani kaphatikizidwe, chimodzi cha zinthu zazikulu ndi pamaso pa ufulu kwakukulu limagwirira wa ndondomeko mankhwala. Chitsanzo adzakhala yokonza dziko chlorinated (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloride mpweya opangidwa ku zotsatira za zochita unyolo.

homogeneous catalysis

Iwo mitundu wapadera kukhudzana pakati pa zinthu ziwiri kapena zambiri. Akamanena za njira mankhwala zikuchitika mu gawo homogeneous (mwachitsanzo, mpweya - mpweya) yokhudza accelerators anachita, ndi kuchita zochita mu buku zosakaniza lonse. Ngati chothandizira ali yemweyo boma akaphatikiza, ndi kuti reactants ndi, ndipamene maofesi ndi makina mankhwala wapakatikati poyambira.

Homogeneous catalysis - mfundo ndondomeko mankhwala wochititsidwa Mwachitsanzo, mu yoyenga mafuta, kupanga mafuta, naphtha, mafuta mafuta, ndi mafuta ena. Izo ntchito njira zamakono monga kusintha, isomerization, othandizira akulimbana.

sakanikira catalysis

Pankhani ya catalysis sakanikira, mgwirizano wa reactants kumachitika zambiri pa pamwamba olimba a chothandizira lapansi. Iwo anapanga otchedwa malo yogwira. Ndi m'madera amene mogwirizana kwa reactants mofulumira kwambiri, i.e. mlingo anachita ndi mkulu. Iwo mitundu pokha, ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri komanso kukachitika kuti mankhwala zako zikuchitika maselo. Ndiyeno kambiranani kagayidwe - kagayidwe kachakudya zosiyanasiyana. Zitsanzo za catalysis sakanikira ndi kukonzekera mafakitale wa sulphate acid. The contactor gaseous osakaniza woipa sulfure ndi mpweya ndi mkangano kukayendera maalumali ndi latticed wodzazidwa ndi particulate ufa wa okusayidi vanadium, vanadyl sulphate kapena VOSO _4. The chifukwa mankhwala - trioxide sulfure ndiye chosakanikirana ndi moyikirapo sulfuric asidi. madzi anapanga, wotchedwa oleum. Izo zikhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi kupeza ndende Napempha kwa sulphate acid.

Features zochita thermochemical

Kudzipatula kapena mayamwidwe mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a kutentha n'kofunika othandiza. Wokwanira kukumbukira mafuta kuyaka zimachitika: gasi, malasha, peat. Iwo akuyimira njira thupi ndi mankhwala, khalidwe kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa kuyaka. zochita matenthedwe zili ponseponse m'dziko organic, ndi m'chilengedwe zopanda moyo. Mwachitsanzo, pa chimbudzi pogawanikana pamawere mapulotini, lipids ndi chakudya mchikakamizo cha zinthu biologically yogwira - michere.

The mphamvu anamasulidwa awasungira mu mawonekedwe a nsinga mphamvu wachuma wa ATP mamolekyulu. zochita dissimilation limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu, limene mbali ankakhala moyo wotayirira monga kutentha. Chifukwa cha chimbudzi, aliyense gram mapuloteni amapereka 17 KJ 2 wowuma - 17, 2 KJ mafuta - 38,9 KJ. mankhwala zako zimene zimachitika ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu amatchedwa exothermic, ndi mayamwidwe ake - endothermic. Makampani, kaphatikizidwe organic njira zamakono zina masamu zotsatira matenthedwe zochita thermochemical. Izi ndi zofunika, mwachitsanzo, kuti molondola kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ntchito Kutentha kaphatikizidwe mathanki ndi mizati, limene zochita kutenga malo limodzi ndi mayamwidwe kutentha.

Kinetics ndi udindo wake mu chiphunzitso cha mankhwala zako

The mawerengedwe liwiro la particles yatikhudza (mamolekyulu, ayoni) - vuto lalikulu akukumana mafakitale. yankho lake lili phindu la za cuma ndi profitability wa m'zinthu zamakono makampani mankhwala a. Kuonjezera liwiro zimenezi zingachitike monga amoniya kaphatikizidwe zinthu zikuluzikulu ndi kuthamanga kusintha mu mpweya osakaniza asafe ndi wa hydrogen 30 MPa, ndi kuteteza kuwonjezeka lakuthwa kutentha (kutentha akadakwanitsira ndi 450- 550 ° C).

Mankhwala njira ntchito kupanga zidulo sulphated, ndicho galasi moto, makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa woipa sulfure, trioxide sulfure, oleum mayamwidwe ikuchitika m'mikhalidwe yosiyana. Kuchita izi, ntchito ng'anjo galasi ndi contactors. Iwo kuganizira woipa wa reactants, kutentha ndi mavuto. zinthu zonsezi chilamulira chikhalidwe kuchita ndi liwiro lalikulu, amene kumawonjezera asidi sulphate kudzipereka 96-98%.

Makope zinthu, onse njira thupi ndi mankhwala m'chilengedwe

Mumadziwika mwambi "Movement - ndi moyo" ingagwiritsidwe ntchito zinthu mankhwala kulowa zosiyanasiyana mogwirizana (anachita pawiri, M'MALO, kuwonongeka, kuwombola). Mamolekyulu ndi maatomu a zinthu mankhwala kufika mu kuyenda mosalekeza. Monga sayansi, zonsezi pamwambapa mitundu ya zochita mankhwala akhoza limodzi ndi zochitika thupi: kutentha kumasulidwa kapena mayamwidwe photons kunyezimira kuwala, kusintha mkhalidwe wa loitanirana. njira izi zimachitika aliyense chigoba cha Earth: lithosphere, hydrosphere, ndi mlengalenga, ndi biosphere. The kwambiri awa ndi m'zinthu zinthu monga Mpweya wabwino ndi asafe. Mu zotsatirazi tikambirana mutu monga makope asafe akupezeka mlengalenga, nthaka komanso zamoyo.

Interconversion Nayitirojeni ndi mankhwala ake

Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti asafe ndi mbali yofunika ya mapuloteni, motero nawo mu mapangidwe aliyense ndi mitundu yonse ya moyo padziko lapansi. Asafe ndi chosakanikirana ndi zomera ndi nyama mu mawonekedwe a ayoni: ammonium, nitrate ndipo nitrite ion. Zomera chifukwa cha mawonekedwe dzuwa osati shuga kokha komanso amino zidulo, glycerol, mafuta zidulo. Onse a mankhwala pamwamba ndi malonda a zochita zikuchitika mu Calvin mkombero. The kwambiri Russian wasayansi K. Timiryazev, analankhula za udindo dziko la zomera zobiriwira, muzikumbukira, makamaka, ndi luso lawo lithe mapuloteni.

Herbivores ndi mapeputisayidi zakudya zomera, ndi carnivores - nyama mwa anthu. Pa nthawi mchikakamizo cha tizilombo nthaka saprotrophic lawola zotsalira za zomera ndi nyama pali zovuta njira kwachilengedwenso ndi mankhwala. Chifukwa cha asafe awo kwa mankhwala organic akupitiriza mawonekedwe zochita kupanga (amoniya anapanga, free asafe, feteleza komanso nitrites). Tikaonanso m'mlengalenga ndi nthaka, zinthu zonsezi chosakanikirana ndi zomera kachiwiri. Asafe akulowa khungu mwa stomata masamba, ndi njira asidi nitric ndi asidi nitrous ndi salt zake ndi chosakanikirana ndi muzu tsitsi la zomera mizu. asafe kutembenuka mkombero chatsekedwa kubwereza kachiwiri. Akamanena za njira mankhwala chikuchitika ndi mankhwala asafe mu chikhalidwe wakhala anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ndi Russian wasayansi DN Pryanishnikov.

zitsulo ufa

Modern mankhwala njira ndi umisiri ndi zopeleka kwambiri za kulengedwa kwa zipangizo ndi wapadera katundu thupi ndi mankhwala. Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa zipangizo ndi zida za ayenga mafuta, makampani popanga zochita kupanga zidulo, utoto, utoto, mapulasitiki. Mu kupanga awo kuzizira kutentha ntchito, kukhudzana zida, kaphatikizidwe mzati, mapaipi. zida pamwamba anakumana ndi atolankhani aukali pansi kuthamanga. Komanso njira pafupifupi onse mankhwala kupanga imachitika pa kutentha. Apakhungu ndi kupeza zipangizo ndi katundu mkulu matenthedwe ndi asidi kukana, odana ndi dzimbiri.

zitsulo ufa zikuphatikizapo njira kwa kupanga ufa zitsulo ndi sintering oyamba wa kasakaniza wazitsulo ano ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu mankhwala aukali.

Nsanganizo ndi phindu

Pakati umisiri wamakono, njira zofunika kwambiri mankhwala ndi ulimi zimene zipangizo gulu. Zikuphatikizapo thovu, cermets norpapalsty. Monga masanjidwewo ntchito yopanga zitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo, ziwiya zadothi, mapulasitiki. Monga excipients ntchito kashiamu silicate, woyera dongo, Ferriday strontium ndi barium. Onse zinthu zakumwamba kupereka zipangizo gulu amadza kukana, kutentha ndi kuvala kukana.

ndi luso mankhwala Kodi

Makampani, sayansi polimbana ndi kuphunzira njira ndi njira ntchito zochita za zipangizo processing: mafuta, gasi, malasha, mchere, wotchedwa luso mankhwala. Mu mawu ena, sayansi ya mankhwala zako zikuchitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Onse a m'munsi ongolankhula mpaka masamu, cybernetics, umagwirira thupi, zachuma mafakitale. Ziribe kanthu chomwe ndondomeko mankhwala nawo luso (kulandira nitrate asidi kuwonongeka kwa miyala, kaphatikizidwe wa phenol-formaldehyde mapulasitiki) - ngakhale tikukumana ndi mavuto n'zosatheka popanda machitidwe makina kulamulira kuti atsogolere zochita za anthu, kupatulapo kuipitsidwa ndi kuonetsetsa mosalekeza ndipo sanali zinyalala luso kupanga mankhwala.

Mu phunziro limeneli, tiyenera kuphunzira zitsanzo za mankhwala zako, onse mu chikhalidwe (photosynthesis, dissimilation, ndi asafe mkombero) ndi mu makampani.