The octeni chiwerengero cha mafuta

Mafuta - madzi flammable opanda mtundu, kapena ndi pang'ono chikasu kum'chitira (ngati palibe zina zapadera). Pofuna kupititsa katundu ntchito ya mafuta galimoto ntchito injini kuyaka mkati, opanga akuyesera kuonjezera octeni chiwerengero cha mafuta. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kuwonjezera zigawo zikuluzikulu lolingana mu izo. Ngati kuyaka khalidwe lomveka mkokomo wa zitsulo opangidwa ndi detonation yoweyula chifukwa chinyezimiro angapo mpanda wake yamphamvu, dzuwa galimoto yafupika Komanso, iwo inapita patsogolo avale.

Pankhaniyi tinganene kuti osauka mafuta quality, monga octeni nambala otsika. Detonation injini mafuta bata, i.e. luso kupewa kudzikonda poyatsira chifukwa psinjika mu zonenepa ndi injini opaleshoni amadziwika chithunzi ichi. Numerically ndi buku nusu ya isooctane (dzina lina: 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) mu osakaniza ziwiri zikuluzikulu munali komanso N-heptane. Chotero osakaniza nkhani antiknock yake pansi pa zikhalidwe muyezo mayeso imatulutsa zotsatira ofanana ankafufuza mafuta.

Isooctane - nthambi unyolo zimalimbikitsa hydrocarbon C8H18. Ndi kuyamika katundu, n'zovuta oxidize ngakhale pa mkulu psinjika chiŵerengero, kotero conventionally analandira kugogoda kukana mayunitsi 100. N-heptane mu galimoto ndi khalidwe mosiyana: ngakhale pa magawanidwe otsika psinjika limodzi ndi ndondomeko zotsatira kuyaka detonation Komabe, mlingo uwu walandiridwa monga 0 mayunitsi izo. Nthawi kumene mafuta octeni chiwerengero pamwamba 100, kwa aziona khalidwe lonse ake ntchito zosakaniza makonzedwe ace, mmene chigawo chimodzi chachikulu - isooctane - tetraethyl anawonjezera Mlingo zosiyanasiyana.

Choncho, akhoza kutsutsa kuti chithunzi ichi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa mafuta galimoto. Izo zikusonyeza mmene petulo kugonjetsedwa detonation, kuti ndi moto mwachisawawa mu zonenepa engine. mafuta kuphulika Mwina olimbana kuyaka mkati adzakhala akhudzidwa kwambiri ngati mtengo uwu ndi mkulu. Ngati ndi octeni chiwerengero cha mafuta limafanana mayunitsi 95, izo detonates osakaniza ongokhala 95% 2,2,4-trimethylpentane ndi 5% yachibadwa heptane. Pambuyo mankhwala chachikulu mafuta mankhwala otchedwa naphtha, mtengo uwu khalidwe kawirikawiri kuposa mayunitsi 70. Choncho, kuwongolera kalasi otsika mafuta ntchito osati Kuwonjezera pa vuto (kusakaniza ndi mankhwala apamwamba octeni), komanso antidetonators kutumikiridwa mu kuchuluka wa ku 0,3%.

khalidwe mafuta kumadalira zikuchokera mchere, kuchokera umene akamagwira fractionation kapena distillation, - mafuta. Nkofunika zinthu monga kukhuthala, ndi zikuchokera fractional, pamaso pa mankhwala sulfure ndi paraffins, ndipo zili madzi ndi mchere mmenemo. Komabe, mfundozi mwina zimakhudza makhalidwe processing ndi kusankha luso. Khalidwe la mafuta, i.e. ake phindu octeni chiwerengero, ndiyo hydrocarbon zikuchokera mafuta, kenako njira processing ake, amene zimadalira mmene mafuta ndi isooctane, N-heptane, mankhwala onunkhira, ndi zina zotero.

Kusintha antiknock katundu wa mafuta momwemo aromatics. Okhutira mkulu wa benzene, makamaka zokhudza chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe monga gwero la benzopyrene (a carcinogen). misinkhu apamwamba aromatics mkulu kuwira amalimbikitsa mwaye mapangidwe m'chipinda kuyaka ndi mavavu engine. Zonsezi ziwole zizindikiro ntchito monga injini ntchito, dzuwa, chilengedwe ndi mbali chuma ntchito yake. Mwaye anapanga m'chipinda kuyaka amachititsa mwini galimoto kusankha mafuta injini kuti octeni chiwerengero cha mafuta mkulu. Apo ayi, mphamvu yafupika kapena injini ikulira ndi detonation a.