Kulemera yeniyeni ya chitsulo. Specific kutentha wachitsulo

Ankatengedwa aloyi wa chitsulo ndi mankhwala ena mankhwala. Pakati pa zigawo za zikuchokera, mpweya alipo mu kuchuluka kwa 2,14%. Chifukwa kasakaniza wazitsulo ake pamaso chitsulo amapeza mphamvu zawo. Kulemera zenizeni za zitsulo ndi 75500-77500 N / m. Nthawi zina alloying zinthu zikhoza kupezeka mu aloyi zikuchokera. Specific kutentha chitsulo pa 20 ° C anayeza pa 460 J / (makilogalamu * ° C), kapena 110 cal / (makilogalamu * ° C).

Gawo

Pali magawo osiyanasiyana umene nkhani funso amakhala. Mwachitsanzo, zitsulo ndi chida ndi structural. aloyi mkulu-liwiro imatengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wa chida. Palinso kusiyana malinga ndi mipweya. Malinga ndi zimene zimapanga alipo mu aloyi, ndi mpweya doped kulekanitsidwa. Nayenso analandira gulu mlingo wa ndende mpweya. Choncho, pali mitundu itatu ya kasakaniza wazitsulo:

1. Low mpweya. Ndi mpweya zili 0,25%.

2. Zitsulo Yapakatikati. Izi aloyi mpweya za 0.25-0.6%.

3. High mpweya zitsulo. Mu aloyi izi alipo a dongosolo la 0.6-2% mpweya.

Mofananamo wachinsinsi ndi zitsulo aloyi cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu alloying:

1. A otsika aloyi zitsulo lili mpaka 4%.

2. srednelegirovannoj aloyi ndi azipereka kwa 11%.

3. High alloyed zitsulo. Lili oposa 11%.

Zitsulo opangidwa ndi njira zosiyana ndi ntchito umisiri wapadera. Malinga ndi njira makamaka aloyi zikuchokera lili inclusions zosiyanasiyana zachitsulo. chigawo amakhudza kukula yeniyeni ya chitsulo. Mtundu kasakaniza wazitsulo chiwerengero zosafunika amadziŵika:

1. wamba khalidwe kasakaniza.

2. Quality.

3. apamwamba.

4. makamaka khalidwe.

Palinso gulu malinga ndi zikuchokera structural zakuthupi. Mwachitsanzo, opangidwa ferrite, bainite, austenite, pearlite ndi Martensitic kasakaniza wazitsulo. Mosakayikira, structural zikuchokera zitsulo amakhudza yokoka yeniyeni. Kasakaniza wazitsulo amagwiritsidwa ogaŵikana ziwiri gawo ndi multiphase. Izo zimatengera pamaso pa eg gawo. Komanso kasakaniza wazitsulo ali m'magulu malinga ndi chikhalidwe ndi mmene solidification la deoxidation. Choncho, pali chete, theka zindiphe zitsulo ndi kuwira.

Kupanga njira akhala

zipangizo zopangira ntchito yopanga zitsulo chosungunula. Pamaso pa yambiri mpweya phosphorous, ndi sulfure mu kapangidwe kake kuvumbitsira Chimaona ndi wosalimba. Pakuti processing zakuthupi wina ndi mzake m'pofunika kuchepetsa zili zinthu izi kwa anthu ambiri akufuna. Pa kusintha yemweyo nthawi ndi kulemera yeniyeni ya chitsulo, ndi katundu wake. kupanga njira imodzi kapena kasakaniza wazitsulo ena kumaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana makutidwe ndi okosijeni mpweya mu chitsulo. The zambiri ntchito:

1. Open-moto njira steelmaking. Tikumbukenso kuti njirayi anali posachedwapa zoipa mpikisano njira zina.

2. The njira Converter. Lero, mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi.

3. electrothermal - mmodzi wa zapamwamba kwambiri njira zamakono yopangira zitsulo. Motero, nkhani opangidwa ali mkulu kwambiri khalidwe.

njira Converter

Ntchito ndondomeko imeneyi luso, ndi muyeso chitsulo, phosphorous ndi sulfure ndi oxidized ndi oxygen. Zagwiridwa ndi kuwomba pressurized zinthu zosungunukazo mwa ng'anjo wapadera. anamutcha Converter. Ng'anjo ali mawonekedwe a peyala a. Mu gawo lamkati - kumalumikiza ndi njerwa refractory. m'ng'anjo uyu ali kuyenda mkulu akhoza zimayenda madigiri 360. Mphamvu Converter za 60 matani. Ntchito mwake, kawirikawiri awiri mitundu a zipangizo:

1. Dinas - amaphatikizapo SiO2, amene ali katundu acidic.

2. Dolomite kulemera - MgO ndi CaO. Iwo anali kuwapeza dolomitic zinthu MgCO3 * CaCO3, ndi katundu zofunika.

Chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyana zapamadzi ndi anawagawa ng'anjo akatembenuka ndi Thomas Bessemer. Oyeretsedwa ndi mpweya opanikizika zitsulo chimakwirira m'dera lonse. Tikumbukenso kuti njira kunachitika ng'anjo, ndi nthawi ya mphindi zosapitirira 20. Nthawi nkhani Converter amakhudza kutentha mphamvu ya chitsulo. The aloyi amene amapangidwa mu ng'anjo ya Converter, Nthawi zambiri yambiri monoxide chitsulo. Ndicho chifukwa chake zinthu zambiri osauka khalidwe analandira.

Open-moto ng'anjo

Njira imeneyi processing chitsulo achikale. Mosakayikira, pamene ntchito njira zamakono angapo m'mbuyo processing mu kwambiri yafupika khalidwe la zinthu, kusintha makhalidwe ake (kutentha mphamvu zitsulo ndi ena). Moto m'ng'anjo yaikulu osungunula kusamba. Iwo ali Chipilala ndi njerwa refractory ndi recuperators-zipinda. makontena zimenezi zakonzedwa kuti Kutentha mafuta mpweya ndi mpweya. Ali odzazidwa ndi kulongedza katundu wa njerwa (refractory). The otaya mpweya otentha ndi mpweya Nkhuntho m'ng'anjo mwa recuperators wachitatu ndi wachinayi. A yoyamba ndi yachiwiri azungu usavutike ndi mpweya ng'anjo. Pambuyo yokwanira kutentha kuwonjezeka ndondomeko lonse anyamata.

njira electrothermal

Njira angapo ubwino pa lotseguka-moto ndipo Converter. Electromechanical njira limachititsa kusintha mankhwala zikuchokera zitsulo chifukwa. Mu ndondomekoyi osakaniza analandira pambuyo processing a kwambiri khalidwe. Chifukwa cha mwayi zochepa mpweya mu ng'anjo ya magetsi amachepetsa chiwerengero cha monoxide chitsulo. Iye amadziwika kuti zosafunika ake zodetsa zitsulo. Ndipo uyu, nayenso amakhudza kwambiri pa ubwino wake. Kutentha ng'anjo alibe kusiya pansipa 2000 ° C. Choncho, Mankhwala oipitsa monga sulfure ndi phosphorous, ndi kwathunthu kuchotsedwa nkhumba chitsulo.

njira uvuni

Electrothermal ng'anjo chifukwa mkulu kutentha aloyi steels ake kulola kudzera zitsulo refractory. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka, tungsten ndi molybdenum. EAF njira amalola kupeza apamwamba Kusakaniza: kutentha enieni zitsulo, komanso zochititsa khalidwe - pa mlingo wapamwamba. Koma mwatsoka, ng'anjo izi zimawononga yambiri mphamvu ngati zamagetsi (mpaka kWh 800 pa matani chakudya). mphamvu ya magetsi lingayambire pakukhala makilogalamu 500 matani 360. mayunitsi The ntchito akalowa ochiritsira. Kapangidwe ka mlandu akhoza kufika 90% ya chitsulo zidutswa ndi 10% chitsulo. Nthawi zina feedstock kufanana angakhale osiyana. Laimu, amene anawonjezera kuti mlandu, atenge mbali ya kamwazi. Njira yaikulu mankhwala ng'anjo magetsi Arc sali makamaka osiyana ndi moto lotseguka.

kulemera yeniyeni

Mphamvu pafupipafupi mafunde ikuchitika kupatsidwa ulemu Kutentha wa zitsulo. Chifukwa misa yaikulu ya maziko amenewa zimakhudza ndi zokwanira. Pakuti kusungunuka zitsulo yolemera matani 100 zokwanira panopa pafupipafupi 50 Hz. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti ena mwa magawo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipangizo akhoza zikugwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, dzimbiri, kutentha kugonjetsedwa ndi chiwerengero zitsulo zosapanga ndi 7.9 g / masentimita ^3. chizindikiro ichi mwachindunji ndi kulemera kwa linanena bungwe chotsirizidwa. Kuti chili, mankhwala Choncho ankawonjezereka. A kanasonkhezereka zitsulo chiwerengero komanso za 7.9 g / masentimita ^3. Pakhoza kukhala pali kusiyana pang'ono malingana mtundu. Koma kulemera enieni pepala zitsulo - 7,85 g / masentimita ^3. Monga mmene taonera, mtengo wake ndi pang'ono m'munsi, choncho zinthu mosavuta. Izo ziyenera amaganiza kuti kulemera yeniyeni ya chitsulo ndi zitsulo ndi osiyana. Mu aloyi pa mlingo linanena bungwe ndi apamwamba monga ulamuliro. Izi kukuchitika chifukwa chakuti pa processing, ngakhale choti ena zigawo ndi kuchotsedwa zipangizo mu osakaniza lidawonjezeredwa zinthu zina. Iwo zimakhudza magawo a mankhwala linanena bungwe. Osiyana mitundu ya chitsulo ndi mphamvu yawo yokoka yeniyeni (g / ^cm3):

- woyera - 7.5 ± 0.2;

- imvi - 7.1 ± 0.2;

- Ductile - 7.5 ± 0.2.

mawerengedwe

Chiŵerengero pakati pa buku la aloyi ndi misa ndi khalidwe chabe kuti ndi zinthu zenizeni. Komanso, ndi chizindikiro zonse. Kugwiritsa chilinganizo wapadera akhoza kudziwa osalimba a kanthu. Mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi mawerengedwe a kulemera enieni aloyi lapansi. Apa momwe icho chikuwonekera.

Kulemera enieni zitsulo ndi ikhale chilinganizo γ. Ndi chiŵerengero P - homogeneous thupi - voliyumu pawiri lapansi. Ndipo masamu pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zotsatirazi: γ = P / V.

Iwo amagwira ntchito pokhapokha pamene zitsulo kwathunthu wandiweyani boma, si porous.

Pomaliza

Latsopano umisiri kuti ntchito makampani katundu, ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi zimene anagwiritsa ntchito ku siteji koyamba za chitukuko cha mafakitale. Zikomo masiku ano sayansi kupita patsogolo matallopromyshlennost umabala nambala yaikulu Kusiyana kwa kasakaniza wazitsulo. kulemera mankhwala Specific bwanji kusankha mtundu enieni a zopangira kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Ngati timatenga zitsulo zitatu zosiyana: chitsulo, mkuwa ndi zotayidwa, za kukula yomweyo, - kuti onse akhale ndi kulemera osiyana. Choncho, kusankha chitsulo makamaka ayenera n'komwe, mwa magawo ena, yokoka yake yeniyeni.