Anthu otchedwa Tatar-Mongol

Anthu a ku Tatar-Mongol a ku Russia anasiya kwambiri mbiri ya dzikoli. Ngakhale tsopano, patapita zaka mazana ambiri, olemba mbiri akupitirizabe kuphunzira nthawi yovutayi, zomwe zimakhala ukapolo ndi kukhetsa mwazi. Goli lalitali la Golden Horde linali mbiri yofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti idatha pafupifupi zaka ziwiri ndi theka. Kuwukira kwa Tatar-Mongol kunayamba m'zaka za zana la 13, pachiyambi chake. Nkhondo yoyamba pakati pa Russia ndi Mongol inachitika mu 1223 pa mtsinje wa Kalka. Pa nkhondoyi, asilikali a Russia anagonjetsedwa ndi anthu a steppe, ndipo akalonga asanu ndi limodzi a ku Russia anagwa pa nkhondo.

Kulamulira kwa chikhulupiliro ndi chikhalidwe china kwa nthawi yayitali sikunangokhalako chabe mu mbiri ya Rus, komanso kunatsimikiziranso kukula kwake kwa mbiriyakale. Kodi boma la Russia linali chiyani masiku amenewo? Kodi zinatheka bwanji kuti madera akuluakuluwa agwe pansi pa ulamuliro wa a Tatata ndi a Mongol? Olemba mbiri mobwerezabwereza amabwerera ku phunziro la nkhaniyi ndipo amavomerezana mwachindunji m'modzi: kusakhutira kwa zikuluzikulu zazikuluzikulu zoterezi kuti ziyanjanitse mu dziko limodzi lamphamvu zidalola kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti zikhale zofunkhidwa za armades. Anthu a ku Tatar-Mongol, omwe sanalandire mokwanira, adatha kulanda madera ambiri a Russia.

Mumzinda waukulu wa Russia munali anthu pafupifupi 20-30. Panthawi yozunguliridwa, amatha kupereka anthu okwana 10,000 okonza zida. Midzi yambiri idzitetezera okha, yokha ndi osokoneza, kusuntha ankhondo, chiwerengero cha 60-70 zikwi, popanda zovuta m'masiku ochepa okha, ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo lawo kulikonse.

Anthu a ku Tatar-Mongol anafulumira kutsogolera kuti dongosolo lina linakhazikitsidwe m'dera la Rus. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, akalonga a ku Russia nthawizonse ankayenda uta ku Horde ndipo anasiya ana awo kumeneko monga akapolo. Khans anapereka malemba apadera kwa akalonga, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi ufulu weniweni wopambana, umene unagwira ntchito mpaka theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 1400. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, khans adafuna kuti akalonga a ku Russia, atangoyamba kulamulira, atumize ankhondo amphamvu pa nkhondo. Akalonga a ku Russia panthawiyo anali ochepa chabe a Golden Horde.

M'zaka 50 za m'ma 1200, anthu olemba mbiri a ku Tatar-Mongol ku Russia, malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, adathandizira kuti chuma chiwonongeke m'dzikoli. Bala ali ndi misonkho yabwino yosonkhanitsa, yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa ndi amalonda apadera achi Muslim, omwe amatchedwa "bersermen". Iwo adalipira ufulu wawo ku msonkho kwa wolamulira, Mongol khan. Panthawi imeneyo panali mitundu yoposa 14 ya misonkho yosiyana. Anthu a ku Tatar-Mongol anali ndi chidwi chodziwikiratu, chomwe chinali chakuti atsogoleri achipembedzo okha ndiwo anamasulidwa kuzinthu.

Mu 1262, anthu a ku Russia opandukawo adathamangitsa osonkhanitsa ndipo nthawi yomweyo panali chisokonezo chachikulu pakati pa Golden Horde ndi Ufumu wa Mongolia. Olamulira a Golden Horde ku Russia wakale amatchedwa "mafumu", monga ku Byzantium.

Kuthamanga kwa Mongolia ku Russia ndi zotsatira zake kudzafufuzidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndi akatswiri a mbiriyakale, koma zilizonse zomwe zimaperekedwa, ukapolo wa dziko limodzi ndi wina, kulimbikitsidwa kwa chikhulupiliro, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo sizinapindulebe ndi dziko limodzi. Kugonjetsedwa kwa dziko limodzi kumzake nthawi zonse kumagonjetsa chiwonongeko cha dziko lonse ndi kuchepa kwachuma. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena a mbiriyakale, mwinamwake mukupezeka apa sikuti chitukuko chochuluka cha zachuma cha Russia sichinafanane ndi mayiko olemera kwambiri a kumadzulo. Pazaka za kugonjetsa, dziko la Russia linali pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mawu a Mongol-Tatars, choncho zaka za ukapolo zinakhala zofunikira kwambiri. Pali umboni wakuti panthawiyo chitukuko cha ntchito zamakono chinatha, zomwe mosakayika zinapangitsa kuchepa. Mzinda wa Rus unawonongedwa, ndipo zatsopano sizinamangidwe, chiwerengero cha dzikolo chinagwedezeka, ndipo m'midzi ina ndi midzi miyoyo sinakhalenso ndi moyo kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Olemba mbiri ena amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ya Tatar-Mongol ya Russia ndi zotsatira zake zakhudza zaka mazana ambiri pa njira ya chitukuko cha dziko lathu, zomwe, zongotuluka pansi pa goli, pang'onopang'ono zinayamba kuchira ndi kulimbikitsa. Asayansi akutsimikiza kuti panthawiyi maziko a ufumu wa Russia adayikidwa. Ndizovuta zomwe zinagwirizanitsa anthu a ku Russia ndipo zathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa maziko omanga dziko logwirizana.