Pechenegs ndi ... Kugonjetsedwa kwa Pechenegs

Pepala la litmus limene mungadziwe kuti chiyambi cha anthu ndi chinenero chiti. Chilankhulo cha Pecheneg ndi cha banja la Turkic, lomwe limaphatikizapo anthu ambiri ochokera ku Turkey kupita ku Siberia ndi ku Central Asia. M'madera onsewa muli magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pankhani ya Pechenegs, izi ndi zilankhulo za Oguz, zomwe akuwerengera. Podziwa izi, tikhoza kupeza achibale awo.

Chiyambi cha Pechenegs

Achibale a Pechenegs ndi Oguzes, wina wotchedwa nomad yemwe adagwira nawo ntchito yophunzitsa anthu a ku Central Asia. A Pechenegs ndi oyandikana naye pafupi, omwe adasamukira kumadzulo kuchokera ku stega. Pali zifukwa zambiri za izi. Mwinamwake udali wamitundu, komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo, kuphatikizapo chilala, zomwe zikutanthauza kuchepetsa zinthu zofunika.

Komabe, mgwirizano wa mafuko unasunthira kumadzulo. Izi zinachitika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi (1900), pomwe nthawi yomwe dziko la Eastern Slavic linafika. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, alendo sankapita kumpoto, koma anapitiriza ulendo wao kumadzulo kumalire ndi Bulgaria ndi Byzantium. Anthu oyandikana nawo atsopano anakhazikika ku Black Sea steppes, m'madera a Ukraine masiku ano.

Ngakhale kuti mizu yawo yotchedwa Turkic, miyandamiyanda pamapeto pake inapeza makhalidwe ena a Caucasoid. Choncho, anthu amasiku ano amanena kuti anthu okhala ku steppes ali ndi tsitsi lakuda ndipo ameta ndevu zawo, pamene Amayi angathe kutayika mosavuta pakati pa gululo akakumana nawo. Mawu amenewa akuwoneka ngati otsutsana, komabe, n'kotheka, makamaka mukawona kuti steppe pambuyo pochita bwino atenga akazi aakazi a kumeneko.

Chikhalidwe cha chiyanjano pakati pa Rus ndi anthu osankhidwa

Kuyambira pachiyambi, Pechenegs ndi Rus akhala akutsutsana ndi adani. Iwo anali a mitundu yosiyana, panali kusiyana pakati pa kusiyana kwa chipembedzo. Kuwonjezera apo, onse awiriwa anali osiyana kwambiri. Ndipo ngati Russia potsiriza idzapeza zinthu za dziko lenileni zomwe zimadzipatsa zokhazokha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizingathe kuwononga anthu oyandikana nayo phindu, okhala moyandikana nawo akumidzi adakhalabe ndi chikhalidwe chokhala ndi moyo wautali.

Pechenegs - iyi ndi mkokomo wina, wothamangitsidwa ndi steppes zaku Asia. Kumadera akum'mawa kwa Ulaya, nkhaniyi yakhala ikuyendetsedwa mwachangu kwa zaka mazana angapo. Poyamba awa anali a Huns, omwe mwa kusamuka kwawo anayala maziko a Great Migration of Nations. Atafika ku Ulaya, adawopsyeza mayiko omwe anali atakula kwambiri, koma pamapeto pake adasowa. Paulendo wawo m'tsogolo adapita Asilavo ndi Magyars. Komabe, iwo adatha kupulumuka, ndipo ngakhale kukhala ndi malo ena.

Mwa zina, Asilavo anakhala mtundu wa "chikopa cha moyo" ku Ulaya. Ndi iwo omwe nthawizonse ankaganiza kuti kuphulika kwa magulu atsopano. Pechenegs motere - chimodzi mwa ambiri. M'tsogolo, Apolisi adzafika kumalo awo, ndipo m'zaka za zana la 13 - a Mongols.

Maubale ndi steppe adatsimikiziridwa osati magulu awiri okha, komanso ku Constantinople. Nthaŵi zina mafumu a Byzantium ankayesetsa kukankhira anansi awo. M'kati mwa njirayi munali njira zosiyanasiyana: golidi, zoopseza, zitsimikizo za ubale.

Kusamvana koyamba pakati pa anthu osankhidwa ndi awaslav ndi a Slavs

Pechenegs ndi Rus anayamba kumenyana nkhondo, pamene olamulirawo anaukira mfumu ya Kiev Askold. Deta iyi imatsutsidwa ndi akatswiri ena olemba mbiri, koma palibe amene amakana zoti nkhondo ya asilikali atsopano kuchokera ku Steppes ndi Prince Igor mu 915 ndi 920. Panthawiyi, mphamvu ya Rurikovich idakalipo mpaka Novgorod, kumene iye mwini adachokerako.

Pokhala ndi chuma chochuluka chotero ndi chiwerengero cha anthu, Russia inatha kuthetsa kuwonongedwa kwa anthu osambira kumwera. Ndili ndi mwana wa Igor - Svyatoslav - nthawi zambiri amamenyana naye monga amkhondo, motsutsana ndi Byzantium. Komabe, mgwirizanowu unalibe mphamvu. Zomwezo Svyatoslav Igorevich adamwalira ndi ambanda la Pecheneg pamphepete mwa Dnieper, pambuyo poti John Tzimisces adapatsa khansa golidi wambiri.

Nthawi yambiri ya steppe

M'zaka zimenezo, mgwirizanowu unadzafika pachimake pa chitukuko. Chifukwa cha mayiko a Asilavo, Khazaria adagwa. Tsopano m'munsi mwa mapiri a Volga munalibe kanthu, ndipo motero iwo anali atangotengeka ndi gulu. Kuwomba kwa Pechenegs sikukanakhoza kukhalapo ndipo madera ochepa a Asilavo omwe amatsutsana ndi Dniester ndi Prut, m'madera a masiku ano a Moldova. Chigawo chakumidzi chakumidzi kwa Ulaya sichinamvekedwe kokha ndi oyandikana nawo pafupi, komanso ndi amwenye achikatolika kumadzulo, ndi oyenda Aarabu.

Pansi pa Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko, kukangana pakati pa magulu awiriwa kunabwera mosiyana. Makamaka, pa Trubezh mu 993 kalonga anagonjetsa, pamene 996 pansi pa Vasiliev Slavs anagonjetsedwa. Vladimir sanangotumiza asilikali kumadera akumalire. Poyamba adagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yomanga nsanja m'mphepete mwa steppe, mothandizidwa ndi magetsi omwe amatha kuzidziwitsa mofulumira Kiev za ngozi yomwe ikubwera. Kuwonjezera apo, mitengoyo inalengedwa, yomwe inalepheretsa steppe kuti idye kudyetsa ng'ombe, ndipo motero adawaumiriza kupita kummwera.

Kuchita nawo nkhondo zamagulu ku Russia

Batizi wa ku Russia ataphedwa kwambiri, chidani pakati pa ana ake chinayamba. Atsogoleriwa anali ngati asilikali a nkhondoyi kumbali ya Svyatopolk Yemwe Anawonongeka, omwe sanachite manyazi ndi njira zonyansa kwambiri, kuphatikizapo kupha abale ake mwachinyengo. Monga dzina la fan, mawu akuti "Pechenegs" akuwonekerabe ngati ofanana ndi khalidwe lachilendo.

Svyatopolk inagonjetsedwa. Yaroslav Wanzeru adayamba kulamulira . Pechenegs naye adasokoneza Russia nthawi yotsiriza. Mu 1036 adayesa kuzungulira a Kyiv osapulumuka, koma adagonjetsedwa ndi ankhondo a Grand Duke.

Zoopsa za Polovtsian

Pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kochepa kwa Asilavo, malo a Pechenegs anayamba kuopseza. M'zaka za zana la 11, dziko la Russia linayamba nthawi yopanga maulamuliro enieni, ndipo kusagwirizana kwa akalonga kunali kwa anthu omwe ali pamtunda. Komabe, panthawi ino gulu latsopano linkawonekera kummawa. Iwo anali Apolisi (muzinenero zosiyana ndi Kumans kapena Kypchaks). Anathamangitsa kale omwe anali enieni a Black Sea steppe m'malo awo. N'kofunikanso kuti omasintha atsopano adabweretsa chikhulupiriro chawo - Islam - kwa akale. Ena khans anavomera, ena, m'malo mwake, anakana. Mikangano yoteroyo siingapindule mgwirizano.

Anthu a Polovtsi ndi Pechenegs anali oyandikana kwambiri. Zonsezo ndi zina zinali za anthu a Turkic. Komabe, izi sizinalepheretse chidani ndi kugonjetsa umodzi wa maphwando. Polovtsi ndi Pechenegs sizinali zofanana, popeza mbali yatsopanoyi inali yatsopano kuchokera ku Asia, pamene mgwirizano wakale unali ndi nkhondo zokhazikika ndi oyandikana nawo.

Cholinga china

Anthu othawa kwawo athawira kumadera ena a ku Balkan kapena ku Hungary, kumene adagwirizana ndi anthu ammudzimo ndipo anasiya kukhalapo monga dziko losiyana. Komabe, ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo zomwe mukuwona.

Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, a Pechenegs ndi makolo a Agagauzians omwe alipo tsopano ku Moldova ndipo amadzinenera Orthodoxy. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri (11th century) anali adakumananso m'mabuku ena. Mwachitsanzo, iwo adagwira nawo nkhondo za Byzantium motsutsana ndi Seljuks. Kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu kotsiriza kunaperekedwa kwa mtundu wa Turkki mu 1091, pamene gulu logwirizana la mfumu ndi a Polovtes anagonjetsa otsutsa pamakoma a Constantinople. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Pechenegs kunali kotsiriza komanso kotsiriza. Palibe amene anamva zambiri za iwo.

Ngakhale zili choncho, kukumbukira anthu okhala m'maderawa kunalibe moyo kwa nthawi yaitali. Kotero, kale mu 1380, pa Nkhondo ya Kulikovo Field, msilikali wa a Chelusbs, yemwe adayambitsa nkhondo ndi awiri ake, adatchedwa wolemba "pechenegom".

Moyo

Mitengo ya mitengo yamtunduwu, yomwe inkayenera kuyembekezeredwa, inali makamaka ikuweta ng'ombe ndi kuzungulira pamodzi ndi nyama zawo. Madalitso kwa izi anali mkhalidwe wonse, chifukwa mgwirizano wa mafuko unali pa malo aakulu. Kukonzekera kwa mkati kunali monga choncho. Panali magulu awiri akulu. Yoyamba inakhazikika pakati pa Dnieper ndi Volga, pomwe yachiwiri inasuntha pakati pa Rus ndi Bulgaria. Pa aliyense wa iwo panali magulu makumi anayi. Malo oyambirira a katundu wa mafuko anali Dnieper, yomwe inagawaniza steppe kumadzulo ndi kummawa.

Mtsogoleri wa fukolo anasankhidwa pamsonkhano waukulu. Ngakhale mwambo wowerengera mavoti, abambo anabadwa makamaka ndi ana.

Malo amanda

Zolemba zakale za Pecheneg zikuyimiridwa ndi ming'oma yaing'ono yamanda. Akufa nthawi zonse akukumana ndi kumadzulo. Monga lamulo, munthu anaikidwa m'manda ndi akavalo. Choncho, m'mabowo, kuphatikizapo mafupa a anthu, mahatchi amawonanso. Chipembedzo choterechi ndichochikhalidwe cha anthu omwe akutsogolera moyo wosagwirizana.

Komanso m'manda munali mitundu yonse yotsalira, monga mphotho kapena ngati katundu (mphete, zokongoletsera ndi ndalama za golidi za ndalama za Byzantine). Pechenegs ndiwonso ali ndi zida zoopsa. Choncho, pamodzi ndi asilikari anaikidwa m'manda. Monga lamulo, ili ndi lupanga (saber).

Zotsalira zimapezeka makamaka gawo la Ukraine. Ku Russia, manda a Pecheneg amapezeka m'madera a Volgograd.