Ankhondo a Streletskoye a Peter I. Chimene chimasiyanitsa gulu la asilikali a mfuti kuchokera ku gulu lankhondo

Gulu la asilikali a Streletskoye, lomwe linatanthauzidwa kuti ndi 1550, poyamba linali ndi anthu zikwi zitatu. Onsewa adalumikizidwa kukhala "maulamuliro" ofanana a 500 aliyense ndipo adayambitsa ndondomeko ya Ivan The Terrible.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Liwu lachikale lachi Slavoni "strelets" limatanthauzira woponya mivi, yemwe anali gawo lalikulu la magulu akale. Pambuyo pake ku Russia, otchedwa oimira gulu lachizolowezi loyamba anakhalapo. Asilikali a Streletskoye anabwera kudzalowetsa asilikali odzipereka. Analamula "malamulo" ana aamuna.

Streltsy anali m'dera lakumidzi. Anapatsidwa malipiro a ma ruble 4 pachaka. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono asilikali a musketeer anayamba kumanga msasa wa Moscow.

Ubatizo woyamba wa moto monga gulu la nthawi zonse

Mwamsanga utatha kuwonekera kwake, asilikali a Archer analandira ubatizo wamoto. Kusonkhanitsa ankhondo okwana 1552 kuti atenge Kazan, Ivan IV anaphatikizidwa mu gulu la nthawi zonse ndi bungwe latsopanoli. M'mbiri ya kuzunguliridwa ndi kuzungulira kwa mzinda uno, gulu la Strelka linathandiza kwambiri. Ndi njira zambiri zomwe zathandiza kuti pakhale pulogalamu yogonjetsa Kazan Khanate.

Tsar Ivan IV, poyamikira zomwe adachita, anayamba kuwonjezereka chiwerengero chawo. Ndipo kale muzaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi za m'ma 1600 panali anthu pafupifupi 8,000. Ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80, kale pansi pa ulamuliro wa wolowa nyumba Ivan IV, Fedor Ioannovich, opitirira 12 zikwi. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, anthu oposa 7,000 - ankakhala ku Moscow kosatha, ndipo ena onse - m'midzi ina, kumene ankakhala makamaka kumsasa kapena polisi.

Kodi asilikali a musketeer ndi ati?

2000 ophika mfuti ku Moscow anali otchedwa "stirrup", kwenikweni zidzukulu kapena mahatchi okwera pamahatchi. Ndi iye yemwe anakhala gawo lofunika la okonzekera ku Moscow kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 16 ndi 1700. Pomwepokha palibe ndondomeko yaikulu, kuphatikizapo pulogalamuyi muzaka za nkhondo ya Livonian, ndikuwonetseratu ku Moscow ndi Crimean Tatars sanachite popanda iwo.

Komabe, chifukwa cha kufunikira kwake, kusiyana kumeneku sikuyenera kuwonetsedweratu. Ankhondo a Streletskoye adalengedwera kuwombera kapena kuwombola asilikali okwera pamahatchi. Komabe, izi sizinachitike. Ngakhale kuti gulu lankhondo limeneli linali lamphamvu kwambiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, mfuti zozembera pang'onopang'ono (mfuti yolemera makilogalamu 8, mamita 22 mm ndi kuwombera mpaka mamita 200), oponya mivi sanapeze mwayi wopambana. Ankafunika chivundikiro, chifukwa choti amatha kugunda mdaniyo, popanda kuopsezedwa kuti aphedwe panthawi yobwezeretsa zida zawo zachilendo.

Kulephera

Ku Ulaya, komwe kumapangidwanso komweko, pikemen inakhala chivundikiro chotere kwa oponya miyendo, koma sizinali zopanda phindu ku mphepo ya ku Russia. Chifukwa chake, gulu lankhondo la Archer chifukwa chaichi linagwiritsa ntchito mapulusa a malo, nkhalango ndi mitengo. Kubisala kumbuyo kwao, wina angadalire kuwonetseredwa bwino kwa adani ake. Izi zinachitika mwachitsanzo mu 1555 pa nkhondo ya Destinies, kumene gulu la Streletsky, logonjetsedwa ndi a Krymchaks, linafalikira m'nkhalango ya oak ndipo linadzitetezera kufikira madzulo, mpaka khansa, atachita mantha chifukwa cha mphamvu zatsopano za Russia, anabwerera.

Kodi kusiyana kotani pakati pa ankhondo a Mipope kuchokera ku gulu lachikhalire

Zopambana kwambiri, "maulamuliro" anachita panthawi ya chitetezo ndi kuzinga malinga. Ndipotu, adali ndi nthawi yokonzekera zida zoyenera kutetezera - maulendo, mazenera kapena ma tyin. Choncho, akatswiri a mbiri yakale akutsimikiza kuti, pakupanga matupi a ophika mfuti, Ivan Woopsa ndi aphungu ake amayesa kuthetsa machitidwe a ku Ulaya pokonza zochitika zenizeni za Russia. Sanagwiritsenso ntchito magulu ankhondo a "kutsidya kwa nyanja", mosakayikira, kumanga mitundu iwiri yapadera yokhala ndi ana, komanso yokhayokha, koma yogwira bwino kwambiri mwazimenezo.

Mapangidwe a asilikali a Streltsy angatchedwe kuyankhidwa kwa asilikali achi Russia omwe amaganiza kuti zida zowonongeka ndi manja. Ankayenera kukhala ngati kuwonjezera kwa okwera pamahatchi, omwe anali ndi zida makamaka zida zowonongeka ndi kuzizira. Komabe, mpando woweruza mu Russia nthawi zonse asilikali a strelitzkaya ankhondo sakanatha kutenga. Kwa izi, si zida komanso zida zokha, komanso mdaniyo adayenera kukhala osiyana. Ndipo ngakhale izi sizinachitike, mphamvu yoteroyo idakali yofunika ndi yofunika, ngakhale kuti inali gawo laling'ono la asilikali a Russia a m'zaka za zana la 16.

Izi zinasonyezedwa ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa oponya mivi mmenemo. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, malinga ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, chiŵerengero cha asilikali mu asilikali a Russia chinkafika pakati pa anthu 75 mpaka 110,000. Pamene gulu lankhondo la ofukula linali ndi asilikali pafupifupi 12,000, sikuti onsewa adatha kutenga nawo mbali pamatampu kapena makampu ochuluka. Koma komabe, sitepe yaikulu ku chilengedwe cha asilikali atsopano ku Russia yatha kale.

Ankhondo a Streletsky a Peter

Msilikali wamba wa Peter, wokonzedwa mogwirizana ndi chitsanzo cha German, unali wogwira ntchito kwambiri. Utumiki wa asilikali unapereka malipiro. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kwa olemekezeka, ntchitoyi inali yodalirika. Kwa anthu osavuta, kulengeza ntchito kunalengezedwa.

Msilikali wa ankhondo a mfuti, chifukwa cha utumiki wa asilikali, adapatsidwa ziwembu. Ambiri mwa iwo amakhala ndi mabanja awo ku Streletskaya Sloboda mumudzi wina. Choncho, kunali kosatheka kugwira ntchito za usilikali panthawi yofesa kapena kukolola: ophika mfuti anakana.

Yopangidwa ndi Ivan The Terrible, gulu lankhondo la mfuti ndi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, maboma a "dongosolo latsopano" ndiwo magawo ofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lankhondo. Koma pamene izi zinkakakamiza kugwirizanitsa mofanana, sizikanakhoza kuimira gulu limodzi. Anthu amphamvu sankapita ku nkhondo. Komanso, ngakhale malamulo a "dongosolo latsopano" amayenera kuthetsedwa pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhanza, ndiyeno amatumiza, makamaka, kuyitana anthu osaphunzira.

Mapeto omvetsa chisoni

Pambuyo pa polojekiti ya Azov, Tsar Peter I adakhulupirira kuti asilikali omwe adalandira kuchokera kwa iye sadali oyenera ku ntchito zovuta zankhondo ndi ndale zomwe adziyika yekha. Choncho, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa kusintha kwa nthawi imeneyo chinali kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa dongosolo lonse la nkhondo mu boma. Ndipo choyamba, chinali chiyambi cha gulu lachidziwikire, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pa dongosolo lokonzekera ntchito ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi mfundo yolinganiza asilikali a Streletsky.

Komabe, olemba zida za Vasily III ndi ankhondo a Ivan IV anadutsa njira yolunjika kwa asilikali a Mikhail Fedorovich ndi Alexei Mikhailovich. Ndipo kale kuchokera kwa iwo - mwachindunji kwa Petrovsky fuselers.

Pambuyo pa kupanduka kwa 1699, Peter Wamkulu adalamula kuti amwazikira gulu lankhondo la Streletsky, n'kusiya ena ku Russia.