Mbalame Yonse ya Russia October, Mchaka cha 1905: Kufotokozera, Mbiri, Zotsatira ndi Zochititsa chidwi

Kuyambira mu January 1905 mpaka June 1907, zochitika zinachitika mu Ufumu wa Russia, umene umadziŵika m'mbiri yakale monga Woyamba wa Russia Revolution. Kulimbikitsidwa kwa kuchitapo kanthu kunali Lamlungu Lamagazi. Tiyeni tipitirize kulingalira momwe kayendedwe ka ndale ka Russia ka October konse kanayambira.

Mbiri

Pa January 9, akuluakulu a mtendere ku St. Petersburg anawomberedwa ndi asilikali a mfumu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo gulu loyendetsa lidayamba kukhala lalikulu. Chisokonezo ndi kuukira kunayambika mu Navy ndi ku nkhondo. Kusakhutitsidwa kwa anthu kunasandulika motsutsana ndi autocracy. Chotsatira cha mgwirizano wazandale wa Russia wa 1905 ndi chaka cha 1905 chinali kuvomereza Manifesto.

Zofunikira

N'chifukwa chiyani mgwirizano wa Russia-Wonse wa Russia wa 1905 unayamba? Tsiku limene zofotokozedwazo zinachitika zikugwirizana ndi nthawi yachuma chachuma kwambiri, kuphwanya malamulo, kuchuluka kwa mbewu komanso kuchuluka kwa ngongole ya dziko. Zonsezi zakhala zikuchulukitsa kufunikira kosintha mu boma. Chuma ca chilengedwe, chimene chinali chofunika kwambiri kwa dziko, chinayamba kubwerera kumbuyo. Nthaŵi ya chitukuko chachikulu cha mafakitale, kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano ndi mateknoloji zinayamba. Zonsezi zinkafunika kusintha kwakukulu mu kayendedwe kalamulo ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.

Kulengedwa kwa ntchito yapadera

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mgwirizano wa October All-Russia wa 1905 unayankha anthu ku zochitika za pa 9 January. Pambuyo pa kuwombera owonetsa mtendere, Svyatopolk-Mirsky anachotsedwa pa ntchito yake ya mtumiki. Bulygin amalowetsa m'malo mwake. Udindo watsopano wa Kazembe Wamkulu wa St. Petersburg unasankhidwa kukhala jini. Trepov. Pa January 29, Nicholas II anapereka lamulo lokhazikitsa ntchito yapadera yokonzedwa ndi Senator Shidlovsky. Ntchito ya thupi ili inali yodziwitsa chifukwa chake osakhutira ndi ogwira ntchito ku St. Petersburg ndi madera awo. Monga mamembala a komitiyi, cholinga chake chinali kukhazikitsa ogwira ntchito, akuluakulu a boma ndi azinthu a antchito. Zolinga zomwe omalizawo adanena zinalandiridwa. February 20 Shidlovskiy anapereka lipoti kwa mfumu. Mmenemo, adavomereza kulephera kwa komitiyi. Tsiku lomwelo, pansi pa lamulo la tsar, iye anasungunuka.

Chovuta Choyamba

Pambuyo pa zochitika za pa 9 Januwale, kugwedezeka kwakukulu kunachitika kudera lonselo. 12-14 Jan. Ku Riga ndi ku Warsaw panali anthu ambiri omwe ankatsutsa za kuphedwa kwa ogwira ntchito ku St. Petersburg. Antchito oyendetsa sitima ku Russia anayamba kulowa nawo bungwe loyendetsa sitima. M'chaka, ophunzira adagwirizana nawo. Mu May, chigawenga chinayamba ku antchito a textile a Ivanovo-Voznesensk. M'mizinda yambiri ya mafakitale, Soviet Union of Deputies 'Deputies inayamba kukhazikitsidwa. Mikangano yaumphawi inali yovuta ndi mikangano ya dziko. Choncho, ku Caucasus panali nkhondo za Armenian ndi Azerbaijan.

Zochita zachizolowezi za boma

Mpikisano wazandale wa Russia wa October wadziko lonse unkawombera mkhalidwe wovuta kwambiri. Pa February 18, mfumuyi inafalitsa ma manifesto akuyesa kuthetseratu chigawenga kuti kulimbitse ulamuliro wa autocracy. Kuwonjezera apo, Senate inapatsidwa chigamulo, chomwe chinaloledwa kupereka zopempha kwa Tsar yomwe ikufuna kukonza kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka dziko. Chikalata chinasindikizidwa mu dzina la Bulygin. Idalamulidwa kukonzekera lamulo kwa thupi loimira - Duma. Zonsezi zimachita mwanjira inayake kutsogolera kayendetsedwe kake kaumoyo. Mabungwe a mumzinda, misonkhano ya zemstvo, mabungwe osiyanasiyana a akatswiri a nzeru zapamwamba, komanso chiwerengero cha munthu aliyense anayamba kukambirana za nkhani yokhudza anthu kuweruzidwa. Maganizo a anthu ambiri kuntchito ya thupi yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi Bulygin inakhazikitsidwa. Zopempha zinayamba kukhazikitsidwa mwakhama, mapulani a kusintha. Zemtsy anakonza misonkhano itatu (February, April, May). Otsatirawa ankasonkhana ndi akuluakulu a mzindawo. Msonkhano umenewu unatha ndi kupereka pempho pazoimira anthu kwa mfumu. Pa April 17, mfumu inakhazikitsa lamulo pa kulimbikitsa maziko a kulekerera kwachipembedzo. Malingana ndi chikalatacho analoledwa kuchoka ku Orthodoxy kupita ku zipembedzo zina. Kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa August, Nicholas II akukhazikitsa boma la Duma. Msonkhano wake sunayambe kupitirira pakati pa mwezi wa January 1906. Pamodzi ndi izi, Chisankho Chosankhidwa chinavomerezedwa. Komabe, mwazinthu zinayi zokha za demokarasi, imodzi yokha inagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita - chisankho chachinsinsi. Kusankhidwa sikunali konsekonse, sikulingana, kapena kulunjika.

Mchitidwe wa ndale wadziko lonse wa Russia (tsiku)

Kusintha kwa mphamvu sikunabweretsa chisangalalo kwa anthu ambiri. Nicholas Wachiwiri sanasonyeze chidwi chenichenicho, kufunafuna kuteteza dongosolo lachilengedwe. Anthu onse a ku Russia omwe ankachita nawo ndale ku Russia, anali ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana. A Bolshevik anathandiza kwambiri pokonza mgwirizano. Mu ntchito yawo iwo adadalira pa zisankho zomwe zinatengedwa ku Third Congress ya RSDLP. Gulu la Railway Union linayanjananso ndi bungwe la zionetsero zazikulu. Pa September 19, zochitika zachuma za osindikiza mabuku ku Moscow zinayamba. Icho chinayamba kukhala chisokonezo chachikulu pakati pa oimira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kumayambiriro kwa October Soviets of Commissioners anali atakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu oyendetsa sitima za ku Moscow, osindikiza mabuku, ojambula zitsulo, akalipentala, ndi ogwira ntchito ya fodya. Misonkhano ndi misonkhano yothandizira ogwira ntchitoyi zinapanganso malo ena ogulitsa mafakitale. A Bolshevik anayesera kumasulira zovuta zachuma kukhala ndale, ndipo kusokonezeka kwachisokonezo - kunkachitika ku Russia. Zonsezi zotsutsa anthu ogwira ntchito sitimayo zinachepa kwambiri.

Maphunziro ake

6.10 msonkhano wa oimira mabungwe a Bolshevik m'magulu angapo a magulu a sitima ya Moscow adasankha kukhazikitsa chigamulo chonse cha Russia. Madzulo tsiku lomwelo, Komiti ya RSDLP idapempha mgwirizano waukulu kuchokera pa 7.10. Ankawombera njanji zonse zofunika kuchokera ku Moscow. Tsiku lomwelo, msonkhano wa mumzinda wa Bolshevik unavomereza chisankho cholengeza chiwonetsero ku Moscow lonse. Mpikisano wa Russia wadziko lonse wa October unapambana kwambiri. Chigamulocho pambuyo pa Moscow chinayamba ku St. Petersburg, ndiyeno m'mizinda ina yaikulu. Pofika pa 17 Oktoba, mayiko onse a Russian-Russian omwe anagwidwa ndi ndale ku October anafooketsa kayendetsedwe ka sitimayo. M'mizinda ikuluikulu, mafakitale, mafakitale, malo opangira magetsi, ndi zoyendetsa zinakhazikitsidwa. Positi ofesi, telegraph, masukulu, masitolo, ndi mabungwe ena anasiya kugwira ntchito. Antchito ogwira ntchito za migodi, ogwira ntchito pa sitimayi, ophunzira, antchito, ogwira ntchito fakitale anagwira nawo ntchitoyi. Chiwerengero cha anthu chinafikira 2 miliyoni. Mawonetsero ndi misonkhano idachitika kulikonse. Ku Volga, Baltic, Transcaucasia, ambiri mwa iwo adakhala mikangano yolunjika ndi asilikali ndi apolisi. Mpikisano wa Russia wadziko lonse wa Russia, mwachidule, tsopano ukutsatira cholinga chimodzi: kuthetsa ulamuliro wa autocracy. Mipikisano yotembenuka mtima inayamba kukhazikitsa Soviets of Deputies ku St. Petersburg, Ekaterinoslav ndi mizinda ina. Zogwirizanitsa zinayamba ku Yaroslavl, Vilnius, Tbilisi, ndi Riga. Kuyesera kwa autocracy kutumiza Duma watsopano kunasokonekera.

Nthawi yochititsa chidwi

Pa chigwirizano a Bolshevik anagwiritsira ntchito mosamalitsa lamulo la bwalo lamanzere. Cholinga chake chinali kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yowonongeka kwa demokalase kuti iwonetse tsarism pansi pa utsogoleri wa abwenzi. M'mizinda ikuluikulu yambiri, makomiti a mgwirizano anapangidwa. Ena mwa ufulu wotsutsa "adanyoza" adalengeza kuti, kumbali imodzi, amathandizira kugonjetsedwa, ndipo, kwina, ndi mphamvu zawo zonse, anatsutsa kuphulika kwa chisokonezo mu zida zankhondo.

Zochita za boma

Olamulira a boma adayesa kuthetsa chigamulo chonse cha Russia ndi chizunzo. Bwanamkubwa Wamkulu wa Petersburg Trepov anapereka apolisi kwa apolisi ndi asilikali kuti asamapatse abusa aliyense, kuchotsa opandukawo. Komabe, boma silinapambane poletsa chigamulocho. Kuphatikizanso apo, chisangalalo chinali m'manja mwa ankhondo. Kotero, mphamvu inalibe mphamvu zokwanira kuti zithetsere kusintha. Dziko liri ndi malire ena. Lenin analemba panthawi yomwe autocracy inalibenso, ndipo kusinthako kunalibe mphamvu zokwanira kuti apambane. Zotsatira zake, boma linakakamizidwa kuti alandire. Pa October 17, 1905, Manifesto inasaina, kutsimikizira ufulu wa anthu. M'nkhaniyi, Nicholas II adalonjezanso kuti adzalandira ufulu wa Duma. Komabe, zotsatira za mgwirizano wazandale wadziko lonse wa Russia sizinakhutitse a Bolshevik. Pofotokoza chinyengo ndi kunyalanyaza kwa autocracy, omenyera nkhondowo adafuna kuti atsutsane ndi tsarism.

Kutsiliza kwa chisokonezo

Mayi Manipesto atamulandira, Komiti ya Moscow, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi ufulu, inapereka chigamulo pamapeto pake. Pa 22.10 chiwonetserocho chinaima ku Moscow. M'madera ambiri a dzikoli komanso pa sitimayo, chigamulocho chinapitirira mpaka pa 25, ndipo m'madera osiyanasiyana, mpaka pa November. Atalandira thandizo la oimira bungwe la liberal, amene anazindikira manifesto monga chiyambi cha njira ya malamulo, chitukuko cha boma chinayamba kukwiyitsa anthu otsutsa. Dziko lonselo linali lopangidwa ndi pogroms ndi repressions.