Mbiri Yadziko: Turkey mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse

Dziko la Turkey mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse linalowerera ndale ndipo silinagwirizane ndi aliyense wa otsutsa. M'chaka cha 1945 dzikoli linalimbikitsa nkhondo ku Germany ndi Japan. Asilikali a ku Turkey sanachite nawo nkhondo. M'nkhaniyi tiona momwe zinthu ziliri pakati pa dzikoli ndi maiko ena ndi maiko ena mu 1941-1945. Ndipo adzayesa kudziwa ntchito ya Turkey mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse.

Mkhalidwe wa dziko lisanayambe nkhondo

Pambuyo pa Dziko Lachiŵiri, zizindikiro za dziko la Turkey ku France ndi England, zomwe zafotokozedwa kuyambira m'ma 1930, zinasanduka njira yokhazikika. Wothandizira mwatsatanetsatane wa mndandanda umenewu anali Mtumiki Wachilendo Saracoglu, yemwe analamulira mu 1938. Dziko la Albania litalamulidwa ndi Italy mu April 1939, Great Britain inapereka Turkey kuti ikhale yotetezeka komanso yodzilamulira. Mu October 1939, Ankara anasainira chigamulo cha Anglo-French-Turkish kuti athandizidwe. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, dzikoli linayesetsa kukhalabe mgwirizano ndi Germany. Motero, pa June 18, 1941, mgwirizano wosagwirizanitsa unalembedwa pakati pa Mphamvu ziwirizo. Kawirikawiri, Turkey mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse inkayenda pakati pa mabwalo awiri, kufunafuna kusalowerera ndale.

Turkey pa nthawi yoyamba ya nkhondo

Ngakhale kuti asilikali a ku Germany asanayambe kugwira ntchitoyi, pakhala kusintha kwa ndondomeko ya Turkey. Anasiya kuloŵerera m'ndale, osakana kuloŵa mtima ku England. Komabe, kugonjetsedwa kwa France komanso kupambana kwa ndale ku Germany kunapangitsa boma la dziko kukambirana ndi utsogoleri wa Hitlerite. Iwo anamaliza ndi kulemba pa 18 June 1941 mgwirizano wa ubale ndi wosagwirizana. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti izi zisanachitike, dziko la Germany linagonjetsa mayiko a Balkan ndipo linayandikira malire a Turkey. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mphekesera zafalikira ku Ankara zokhudzana ndi zoopsa za asilikali ku USSR.

Motero, mu 1940, kugawana kwa Turkey ku nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse kunali kovuta. Boma linapitirizabe kuyendetsa polojekiti pomaliza mapangano ndi maphwando odana. Malo otchedwa Turkey amapeza munthu wotsimikizika kwambiri pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Soviet Union.

Turkey mu 1941

June 22, 1941 Germany inagonjetsa kwambiri ku USSR. Dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lakhala likulimbana ndi nkhondo. Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Germany-Soviet, dziko la Turkey linaperekedwa ku June 25, 1941 ku boma la USSR kalata yomwe imatsimikizira kuti salowerera ndale. Ankara anapitirizabe kutsatira zofunikira zake. Koma m'zaka zotsatira, makamaka pambuyo pozunzidwa ndi Soviet Union polimbana ndi Asilamu a ku Crimea ndi Caucasus, malingaliro otsutsana ndi Soviet anakula ku Turkey.

Turkey mu 1942 - 1945: zochitika mkati

Ngakhale kuti dziko la Turkey silinayambe nawo nawo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, nkhondoyi inakhudza kwambiri chuma cha dzikoli. Chiwerengero cha ankhondo chinali kuwonjezeka nthawi zonse (pofika m'chaka cha 1942 panali asilikali okwana 1 miliyoni ndi apolisi). Kusinthana kwa asilikali m'chaka cha 1945 "kudya" pafupifupi theka la bajeti. Turkey pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse inayamba kuchepa mu chuma, ulimi ndi chikhalidwe. Izi zinali chifukwa cha kusonkhanitsa anthu ambiri komanso kukhazikitsa makadi a mkate ku Ankara ndi Istanbul. Mizindayi inaletsedwa m'manja, ndipo mitengo ya zinthu zofunika kwambiri inakula. Mu 1942, msonkho wa katundu unayambitsidwa, womwe unasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa eni eni ndi ndalama zapampani. Izi zinachititsa kuti vuto lachuma likhale lovuta, lomwe linkakhudzidwa ndi kuzunzidwa kwa akuluakulu.

Mkhalidwe wa ndale m'dzikoli

Turkey pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse idakumana ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko - pan-Turkism. Izi zinkawonetsedwa osati mu ndondomeko ya ndondomeko yachilendo ya anthu apamwamba, omwe ankakhudza USSR. Izi zinadziwonetsera momveka bwino muzochitika za mkati mwa boma la Turkey, zomwe zinagwirizana ndi lingaliro la pan-Turkism, loperekedwa ndi Young Turks ndi maganizo atsopano a tsankho lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi Nihal Atsyz.

Kuchokera mu 1940 mpaka 1945 ku Vilaet (zigawo zomwe amitundu ochepa ankakhala ) malamulo amtendere ankagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pankhaniyi, nthawi zambiri katundu amangotengedwa. Mu 1942, boma linapanga Shukru Saracoglu, linayambitsa zofalitsa zokhudzana ndi kukonda dziko la dziko la Pan-Turkic.

Kufunsa kwa Turkey kulowa mu nkhondo

Kuchokera mu 1943, mgwirizano wotsutsa Hitler unayesayesa kuyambitsa nkhondo ku mbali ya Turkey. Makamaka mu izi munali chidwi ndi Churchill. Kulowa nkhondo ku Turkey kudzatsegula Bwalo Lachiwiri pa Peninsula ya Balkan ndi kupeŵa maonekedwe a asilikali a Soviet m'dziko lino. M'nyengo yozizira ya 1943, msonkhano wa Adana unachitikira. Churchill anayesetsa mwakhama kuti pulezidenti wa Turkey asiye kulowa usilikali. Koma zokambiranazi sizinapambane pa mbali iliyonse. Dziko la Turkey mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko Lonse inapitirizabe kulowerera ndale. Komabe, chifundo cha boma chinali kale kumbali ya Germany.

Mu October 1943, nthumwi za mayiko a Allied zinasonkhana pamsonkhano ku Moscow. Adafuna kuti dziko la Turkey lileke kulowerera ndale kumapeto kwa chaka. Nkhaniyi inakambidwanso pa misonkhano ya Cairo ndi Tehran. Komabe, dziko la Turkey linalengeza kuti silinali okonzekera kulowa m'ndende.

Turkey kumapeto kwa nkhondo

Turkey pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse inatsogolera ndondomeko yotsutsana ndi mphamvu zotsutsana. Mu 1944, a Allies anasiya kupereka zida kwa dziko. Pankhaniyi, boma la Turkey linakakamizika kusiya chromium ku Germany. Komabe, mu June 1944, zombo zambiri za ku Germany zinalowa m'nyanja ya Black Sea. Izi zinachititsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri, ndipo ogwirizanawo anafunsidwa ku Turkey kuti asamacheze ndi Germany. Pa August 2, mgwirizano uliwonse wa mgwirizano wa zachuma pakati pa mayiko unatha.

Mu February 1945, msonkhano wa Yalta unayamba ntchito yake. Pakati pa zokambirana, Allies anaganiza kuti mayiko okhawo omwe anali kumenyana pambali ya mgwirizanowu wotsutsana ndi Hitler akhoza kuthandizira kupanga bungwe la United Nations. Pankhani iyi, pa 23 February 1945, Turkey inalengeza nkhondo ku Germany. Ngakhale kuti asilikali ake sanalowe nawo pankhondoyi, dzikoli linalandira pempho loti ligwirizane ndi UN.

Zokambirana za Straits

Nkhondo itatha, nkhani ya Mtsinje wa Black Sea inayamba kukambidwa pa msonkhano wa Potsdam . Pakati pa zokambirana mgwirizano unasindikizidwa. Mavutowa amayenera kulamulidwa ndi Turkey ndi USSR, monga Mphamvu zogwira mtima kwambiri. Kuwonjezera apo, chifukwa cha chitetezo chawo ndi mtendere ku dera la Black Sea, iwo sangalole kugwiritsa ntchito njira izi ndi mayiko ena ndi zolinga zoipa.

Mayiko akudziko lonse la Turkey m'zaka zapita nkhondo

Nkhondo itatha, ndondomeko ya dziko la Turkey ikuwonekera momveka bwino kuti dzikoli likuyang'ana kumadzulo. Kotero, pofuna kuwonetsa kukhulupirika kwa US, boma la A. Menderes mu July 1950 linatumizira Korea brigade. Dziko la Turkey linakhala dziko lokhalo ku Middle East ndi Near East lomwe linayambitsa nkhondo pa chilumba cha Korea.

Mu October 1951, dzikoli linalumikizana ndi NATO, komanso linasaina mgwirizano ndi Pakistan ndi Iraq. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Britain ndi United States mu November 1955, bungwe latsopano la asilikali linakhazikitsidwa - Chigwirizano cha Baghdad (Great Britain, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan). Mu 1959, anasandulika kukhala bungwe la Central Treaty, lomwe likulu lawo linali ku Ankara.

Zotsatira

Choncho, n'zosatheka kunena ngati Turkey inachita nawo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse kapena ayi. Mwachidziwitso, dzikoli likutsatira kulowerera ndale. Koma boma lidayamba kugwirizana ndi mbali imodzi kapena ina. Dziko la Turkey linakana kulowerera ndale mu February 1945, koma asilikali ake sanachite nawo nkhondo.