Ali Kalka (mtsinje)? Nkhondo ya Kalka Mtsinje

Olemera ndi zochitika zazikulu m'mbiri Zaporozhye dziko. Pa mmodzi wa iwo ife adzakhala. Izi nkhondo yoyamba ya ankhondo Russian ndi Chitata asilikaliwa. Chaka Nkhondo ya Kalka Mtsinje - 1223 pamwezi - May. Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi kukhazikika bwino malo zinachitika. Amadziwika kokha mwa mbiri zomwe ndi mtsinje Kalka.

Koma pamene m'pofunika kufufuza mtsinje, ndi pamiyala, kumene kunali kumenyana msasa Mstislav Romanovich, Kalonga wa Kiev? Lalikani kufuna yankho la funso limeneli Zaporozhye mbiri yakale monga Arkhipkin ndi Shovkun. The chifukwa cha inali kuphunzira apeza ndi maganizo zandandalikidwa mwachidule m'nkhani ino. Atamaliza kuliwerenga, mudzaphunzila kumene mtsinje Kalka, malinga ndi ofufuza izi.

Kufotokoza mwa chidule za zochitika yapitayi nkhondo

akalonga Russian, monga iwo amati mu mbiri anathandiza Polovtsy mu nkhondo ndi Chitata, anasonkhana pa Dnieper asilikali ake pa Ford Protolche, kuchokera Khortytsya Island. Kuswa pa mfundo iyi mphamvu yaikulu ya ku Mongolia, regiments Russian analowa steppe, mu kufunafuna kwawo. Eyiti masiku angapo, anafika malo mtsinje unaturuka Kalka. Pa nthawi imeneyo, panali waukulu mphamvu asilikaliwa. Ilo liri mu malo awa (mtsinje Kalka) linakhazikitsidwa nkhondo wotchuka.

Mwadzidzidzi nkhondo ya Mongolia

Malinga ndi wachinayi Novgorod ndi a Laurentian Chronicle, nkhondo ya ku Mongolia ku Russia zinali zosayembekezereka. Sindikudziwa basi nthawi Russian olemba kuti anthu 30 sauzande Genghis Khan (asilikali Subedi-Baghaturia ndi Jebe Noyon) kuzungulira nyanja Caspian kum'mwera, mzinda yophwasulidwa ya Shamakhi, anatenga Derbent.

Kupita ndiye kumpoto chakumadzulo, anamanga mphamvu olowa Polovtsy ndi Alans. Polovtsian asilikali molamulidwa ndi mwana wake Konchak Hana Yuriya, anakakamizika abwerere kwa Dnieper m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Azov. M'mphepete lamanja la gawo anawoloka za izo, mu malo a Kotyan, Polovtsian Khan. Mbali inanso anathamangira ku Crimea, m'chigawo chakum'mawa, kumene Chitata Mongolia analowa pambuyo Polovtsy. Apa, mu 1223, mu January, iwo juga linga Surozh (lero Sudak).

Chisankho njira akalonga Russian

Mu chaka chomwecho, mu April oyambirira, Mstislav kuchotsedwa mu Galich kuthandiza Kotyan anathamangira. akalonga Russian pa njira imene Mstislav anasonkhana Kiev malangizo. Anaganiza kupita Dnieper, pa gombe lamanja la mtsinje, akudutsa pa nthawi yomweyo kumanzere gombe la mtsinje, amene anadzazidwa pa nthawi iyi ya madzi vernal, amene kwambiri akulephera gululi. Ndiye ulendo mofulumira patsogolo uma ndi steppes kum'mwera kuwafika Polovtsian kutsinde (ie Perekopa), omwe akutipatsa chachilendo dziko asilikali a Chitata asilikaliwa.

adakumana

Koma utsogoleri logwirizana la ndewu ang'onoang'ono sizinali mu Kipchak ndi asilikali Russian. Iwo anasamukira ku chilumbachi Khortytsya zokhazi. Spring misewu anachedwa asilikali a akalonga kumpoto. Russ pa Khortitsa, anakumana ndi Chitata anapha otsiriza ndipo anasamukira banki bwino downriver. Komabe, iwo ankatha kulalikira kokha mpaka Oleshi kumene kale anadikira Chitata asilikaliwa.

Kum'mwera, dziko ya uma msanga, kupereka asilikali mdani mwayi kutuluka mu Crimea, ndi pite mwa steppe Polovtsian kumpoto ndi mphamvu yaikulu pabwino isanafike asilikali Russian pa gombe lamanja la Kalka. Dongosolo anatengedwa ndi bungwe la akalonga (yakuti Mumenyane nawo m'dziko lachilendo), Choncho analepheretsa.

Mstislav molimba mtima, Galich kalonga, popanda chenjezo ake mawu ena, mtsinje Kalka ndi Polovtsy nayamba nkhondo ndi Tartars. Anagubuduza alimbane cha mdani Cumans anabwerera.

asilikali chinyezimiro kuukira kwa Mstislav Romanovich

Squads Mstislav Romanovich msanga anakakamizika kutchinga kuzungulira msasa wawo ndi kumenyana kuchokera masiku atatu nkhondo ya mdani. Nditanyamula melee chida (zibonga ndi nkhwangwa) asilikali Russian chinaperekedwa zomvetsa wolemera asilikaliwa. Iye anaphedwa, makamaka Tossuk, mwana wamkulu wa Genghis Khan (fano otsiriza pansipa), Batu bambo.

Mbali ya Kalka Mongolia amakhalabe

Chitata pa tsiku lachitatu la zinalephereka nkhondo Russian anamuuza kuti mtendere, koma iwo kuphwanya izo. Kotheka, malinga ndi pangano, mphamvu Russian kupita ku Russia, iwo anaukira alonda, anakafika ku Dnieper, nampanda ambiri. Mstislav molimba mtima, mtsinje ndi zotsala za asilikali ake, analamula kuti kuwotcha ngalawa. Kuchoka pa Kalka pa malo a msasa nkhondo ndi abe zabwino mu Crimea, komanso odwala ndi ovulala nokors Chitata atatu kupatulira Tumen walunjika kumpoto pamodzi lamanzere gombe la Dnieper Mtsinje.

Kalka - mtsinje, amene anakhalabe mbali ya asilikali Russian, amene anabisala mu chitsamba yosalala, kuwoloka kwa asilikali okwera pamahatchi. Mavuto zomvetsa katundu atakumana kukaniza oopsa, ndi Chitata anali akadali kupeza kuti Pereiaslav. Komabe, iwo mwadzidzidzi abwerera, pamene Kiev, cholinga chachikulu chinali pakhomo.

Maganizo za komwe Kalka anali

Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo pa Kalka Mtsinje zinachitika otchedwa Stone Manda. Malowa ali pamtunda m'chigawo Donetsk a Ukraine, 5 makilomita kum'mwera kwa Rozovka. Komanso, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Kalka - mtsinje, panopa limatchedwa inflow Kalmius (Kalchyk mtsinje).

Koma ndi kovuta kukhulupirira kuti protrusion ku Crimea, ndipo pamene kusamukira ku kumpoto, Chitata Mongolia ku Olesha anatembenuka mu steppe Polovtsian, owonongedwa ndi iwo, kuti akomere nkhondo ndi asilikali Russian mu m'mbuyo mwa steppe mtsinje. N'zokayikitsa kuti akupita banki lamanja la Dnieper pansi asilikali Russian anawoloka Olesha anasamukira ku kumanzere popanda katundu mu steppe pa machitidwe phazi.

Komanso, kusanthula maina wakale wa mitsinje zosiyanasiyana zinachititsa kuti amakhulupirira kuti Kalka (mtsinje) ndi wakale Asilavo galamafoniyo mayina a Kalkan-Lamulungu (Polovtsian), kutanthauza pomasulira "Madzi Chikopa". Iye Chitata otchedwa IOL Keynes, kutanthauza "kavalo madzi".

N'chokwana, ndi Chinese mbiri ya 13 ya atumwi, analemba kuti nkhondo ndi Chitata Mongol Russian asilikali zinachitika pafupi ndi mtsinje A-Kodi-GI. Pomasulira weniweni kumatanthauza "kavalo-kuthirira." Ndiko kuti, akhoza ankaganiza kuti alipo Conca ndi wosamvetsetseka kwambiri Kalka mtsinje, kumene kunachitika nkhondo wotchuka. A phiri limene limatuluka pa gombe lamanja, makilomita awiri m'mudzi Yulevki - yemweyo "malo kamyanisto".

Anapezazo kutanthauza kuti nkhondo pa Kalka zikhoza kukhala pafupi ndi mudzi Yulevka

Kunali kosatheka kuti mulingalire bwino malo kumsasa Mstislav Romanovich. Pamwamba pa phiri, pa khomo laling'ono, anapezeka phiri miyala - zotsalira za malinga ndi. Mwina ndiye kuti malo amenewa panali nkhondo pa mtsinje Kalka.

Ine ndikudabwa chomwe izo ziri peyala woboola pakati phiri, amene kutalika mamita 40, m'lifupi - 160 pa mfundo zake linafalitsidwa kwambiri. "Gro akuti sha" chikugwirizana ku Chile ndi "mchira." Ake m'lifupi kokha 8-10 mamita. Ndi chilumba waung'ono kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa kutsukidwa ndi madzi a mtsinje Conca, ndi kumadzulo ndipo wazunguliridwa ndi kuwoloka m'madambo Gorodysskoy mtengo. Local-zakale kuitana phiri ili Savur-Mohyla. Nthawi zambiri pambali pa iye kupeza arrowheads, zidutswa za zitsulo dzimbiri, ndipo mmodzi anakumba m'mphepete mwa nangula chitsulo. Pa mamita 12 kuchokera phazi, pa otsetsereka kum'mwera kwa Saur-Mohyla lupanga anapezeka, komanso mivi ochepa ndi mkuwa chisindikizo ndi chithunzi cha mkango.

Today mu Nyanja Kakhovka, kumadzulo kwa njanji mlatho, wochitidwa ndi Konka, sakhoza kuona kagulu ka zilumba. Iwo ali zotsala za Wamkulu Kuchugury yomwe inandikuta posungira.

Kuda mudzi akale anasunga pafupifupi zonse. Osiyana maina kumupatsa zosiyanasiyana zopangira. Iye ankatchedwa pankhondo ya Kalka mmene Samys (Turk-Polovtsian dzina), ndi anthu a malo otchedwa Asilavo Bulgarians. Zikupezekera, pamodzi ndi zambiri siliva ndi mkuwa ndalama za nthawi zosiyanasiyana arrowheads, mabatani maloko, stirrups, makombo a unyolo mail, chifuwa mkuwa fano (mafano), khosi-mphete, zotsalira za oyang'anira kavalo ndi nkhani zina za Kievan Lazaro.

Anapezanso zinthu asilikali ndi katundu wa m'nyumba: makombo a arrowheads, daggers, nthawi sabers wa Golden gulu. Zonsezi amapereka chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti mzindawo unali olumikizidwa ndi nkhondo imene inachitika pa Kalka.

Bulgarians mu mbiri ya

M'madera anasefukira m'nkhalango kuwerengedwa apakavalo Tartars, zotsalira za asilikali Russian anasonkhana. Atakhala nkhondo horde kupita kumpoto, pamodzi ndi Bulgarians, anthu Samysa, iwo anaukira msasa kumanzere ndi ku Mongolia, kukawononga. Pa njira kuluwani ya Pereyaslav Chitata tinalandira uthenga kuchokera kwa atumiki.

Pozindikira kuti Kiev satenga ya chinafoka Tumen, temniki zobwerera ku Kalka kubwezera kufika anaukira Ruses ndi kutenga abe zawo zabwino mu Crimea. Mu mbiri ya anauzidwa kuti, kuchotseratu, Chitata anapita Bulgarians (1223 Kalka Mtsinje). anthuwa anavomereza kuti kafukufuku wa posachedwapa wa Volga Bulgars.

Today Nkhondo ya Kalka Mtsinje (1223) amaonedwa ndi azambiriyakale ngati njira reconnaissance. Komabe, analinso nkhondo imene mwazi wa scrapie abale osiyanasiyana anthu a wakale Lazaro.

Point m'manda

Pamaso pa manda zingasonyeze kumene mtsinje Kalka ndi kumene kunali malo enieni a nkhondo Polovtsy ndi Mstislav kuchotsedwa. Pa njira Komishuvahu, 7 km ku Savur-mogili, malo otsetsereka zambiri imakhala, amene anachokera sakudziwika. Mwina izi mwagona yankho ...

Chitata anatentha mitembo malinga ndi mwambo. Zotsalira za ng'anjo atatu zinasungidwa pa malo, yomwe ili pafupi. Izi dzenje ndi zopsereza makoma awiri mamita 3, kuya lake mpaka mamita 4. Panali mu phulusa angapo zidutswa zamkuwa. Mwina anali munakhala mu thupi la chomangira lamba wa lamba kapena Boom.

Pomaliza

Choncho, Nkhondo ya Kalka Mtsinje chinachitika mu 1223. Mwatsoka, kutsimikizira ndendende malo a mbiri yakale akadali sanathe lero. Komabe, tikayerekezera magwero olembedwa, zankhondo, komanso malo ankaimbidwa kumene kunali nkhondo, akupereka chifukwa kukhulupirira kuti nkhondo pa Kalka - zimene zinachitika pa magombe a Conca mumsasa, zotsalira za amene tsopano m'chigawo Zaporozhye, pafupi ndi mudzi wa Yulevka.

Nkhondo itatha ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Kalka asilikali Russian. Anapulumuka Mstislav kuchotsedwa. Aphedwa ndiwobvulazidwa nkhondoyi linayikidwa yekha chakhumi a asilikali anapulumuka. Ndi Chitata analanda malo m'dziko lonse kwa Chernigov-Seversky Novgorod. Aukali Anthu Subedeya ndi Jebe analamula regiments izi. Anadana Russian ndi kuwononga zonse mu njira yake, amawononga imfa ndi chiwonongeko padziko lonse. Anthu nachibisa mu nkhalango mantha kuukira awa, pofuna osachepera miyoyo yawo.