Nkhani imeneyi ili ndi mbiri mwachidule N. S. Hruscheva anafotokoza wake zandale mkati dziko ndi kunja. Monga anatsimikiza ndi a komiti ya kuipa ndi ubwino wa Khrushchev, amaweruza ntchito za mtsogoleri andale.

Khrushchev: MBIRI. ntchito Early

Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev (zaka za moyo: 1894-1971) anabadwira m'chigawo cha Kursk Mu banja la wamba (kuchokera Kalinovka.). M'nyengo yozizira, iye anaphunzira ku sukulu pa dzinja ntchito ngati m'busa. Kuyambira ndili mwana anatsogolera ntchito. Choncho, pa msinkhu wa zaka 12 N. S. Hruschev anagwirapo mu anga, ndi pamaso kuti - mu fakitale.

Mu zaka kutsogolo kuti sanali kutchedwa ku First World nkhondo, chifukwa iye anali ndi mgodi. Iye anatenga mbali mu moyo wa dziko. Khrushchev Analeredwa ndi Bolshevik Party mu 1918 nawo mbali yawo pa Civil nkhondo.

Atakhala mphamvu Soviet, Khrushchev kuchita zinthu zandale ndiponso zachuma. Mu 1929 analowa Industrial Academy mu Moscow, kumene anasankhidwa mlembi wa komiti ya chipani. Iye anagwira ntchito yachiwiri ndi mlembi woyamba CIM.

Khrushchev msanga kupatsidwa ntchito. Kale mu 1938 anakhala mlembi woyamba wa SSR Chiyukireniya. Pa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo anaikidwa Commissioner mmodzi waudindo wapamwamba kwambiri. Koyamba nkhondo itatha, N. S. Hruschev anali mtsogoleri wa boma Chiyukireniya. Patangotha miyezi isanu ndi imfa ya Stalin mu 1953, kukhala mlembi woyamba wa CPSU Committee Central.

Alandira mphamvu

Atamwalira Iosifa Vissarionovicha mu chipani mozungulira nzeru ochiritsira za otchedwa utsogoleri losonkhanitsidwa. Ndipotu, monga msilikali wa Party Communist anali pachimake vuto ndale. Chifukwa cha icho chinali kubera Khrushchev ndi malo Mlembi Choyamba ndi CPSU Committee chapakati mu September 1953.

Kukayikira za amene ayenera kutsogolera dziko, zinachitika chifukwa chakuti Stalin yekha konse anafunafuna m'malo, ndipo sanali kufotokoza zomwe mwakonda kuti amene ayenera kutsogolera Soviet Union pambuyo pa imfa yake. atsogoleri Party anali mwamtheradi asanakonzekere izi.

Komabe, asanapite udindo wa mkulu wa dziko Khrushchev anali kuchotsa ofuna zina zotheka positi - G. M. Malenkova ndi L. P. Berii. Chifukwa cha kufuna analephera kulanda mphamvu mu 1953, atsopano, Khrushchev anaganiza n'chongoletsa izo, chotero kumulemba thandizo la Malenkov. Pambuyo pake, chopunthwitsa yekha kumuletsa nkhope Malenkov nawonso inathetsedwa.

mfundo zoweta

mfundo Internal a dzikoli nthawi wa Khrushchev sangatengedwe kukhala mwapadera zoipa kapena mwapadera zabwino. Achita zambiri pa chitukuko cha ulimi. Izi makamaka noticeable mpaka 1958 makamaka chaka. Kuchidziwa m'mayiko ena namwali, alimi muli ufulu, anabadwa ena miyambo ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma.

Komabe, pambuyo 1958 zochita za utsogoleri wa dziko, ndiponso makamaka Khrushchev anayamba kuvutika mmene chuma chikuyendera m'dzikolo. Tinayamba ntchito constraining ulimi utsogoleri njira lamulo. tsankho kuletsa zili ng'ombe anali imawunikidwa. A ng'ombe yaikulu anawonongedwa. zinthu anali kukula ndi wamba wa.

Osokoneza maganizo kulima Unyinji wa chimanga anakula yekha zinthu za anthu. Chimanga yabzalidwa m'madera a dziko, kumene sangakhale zikhazikike. Dziko wakhala mavuto chakudya. Komanso atalephera kukonzanso chuma, pafupifupi zinachititsa kuti kusakhulupirika mu dziko, anali kungasokoneze mwayi ndalama kwa nzika zonse.

Komabe, tisaiwale, ndi zina zomwe anthu lalikulu limene wapanga ulamuliro USSR Khrushchev ali. Izi tumphatumpha yaikulu mu gawo danga, ndipo zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha sayansi, makamaka makampani mankhwala. Iwo anakhazikitsa mabungwe kafukufuku, odzipereka madera akuluakulu ulimi.

Ambiri, tikhoza kulankhula za kulephera kukwaniritsa zolinga anapereka Nikitoy Sergeevichem mu dera zachuma komanso mu yamakolo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, tisaiwale kuti Khrushchev anali kupita kwa zaka makumi awiri kuti alenge ndi kusamalira anthu moona chikominisi. Chifukwa chaichi, makamaka yakhala ikuchitika ndipo analephera kusintha sukulu.

Isanayambike m'firiji pamtunda wa

Nthawi ya Khrushchev amalembedwa latsopano yamakolo kukhota mu moyo wa dziko. Creative anthu alandira m'njira zina, ambiri ufulu, anayamba kutsegula masewera anayamba kuchoka magazini atsopano. Mu Soviet Union anayamba uncharacteristic kuti alipo zokomera boma luso zithunzi, zisudzo unayamba kuonekera.

Kusintha anapangidwa ndi ufulu chonse dziko. Pa amapita adzakhala akayidi andale anasiya nyengo kupondereza nkhanza ndiponso kunyongedwa.

Komabe, mwina kudziŵika ndi kumakula kupondereza Mpingo Orthodox ndi boma, ndi hardware ulamuliro pa moyo wa anzeru kulenga. Pakhala kumangidwa ndi kuzunzidwa olemba osafunika. Choncho, amenewa anakumana Pasternak kwa buku lake "Doctor Zhivago" lolembedwa ndi iye. Ndipo anapitiriza ankamangidwa "ntchito odana Soviet."

De-Stalinization

Kulankhula ndi Khrushchev ndi lipoti "umunthu Cult ndi zotsatira zake" pa XX Party Congress mu 1956 analenga furore osati mabwalo chipani, komanso kutsitsimuka anthu onse. Anthu ambiri ankaganiza zipangizo anthu omwe anavomerezedwa buku.

ripoti sananene chilichonse cha zolakwika a dongosolo lino, kapena pa zinthu zoipa za chikominisi. Boma lokha saweruza. Mtsutso kakusintha yekha kwaiye m'zaka utsogoleri wa Stalin umunthu mpatuko. Khrushchev anali mwankhanza poyera upandu, kupanda chilungamo, analankhula za othamangitsidwa m'dziko, la unlawfully anaphedwa. Kudzudzulidwa ndi oipa kumangidwa, yabodza milandu.

ulamuliro Khrushchev, motero anali awonetse nyengo yatsopano mu moyo wa dziko, kulengeza kuzindikira zolakwa zakale ndi kuwaletsa m'tsogolo. Ndipo ndithu, ndi kufika kwa mutu watsopano wa boma anasiya Kuphedwa, kumangidwa utachepa. Ufulu anayamba kumasula kupulumuka akaidi msasa.

Khrushchev Stalin bolodi mu njira ankasiyana kwambiri. Khrushchev anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito njira Stalinist ngakhale nkhondo ndi adani ndale. Iye sanali kugwira kupereka adani ake ndipo sanali bungwe misa kumangidwa.

Kulanda ndi Crimea Chiyukireniya

Pakali pano, malingaliro padziko nkhani ya kusintha kwa Crimea Ukraine linaphulika ndi mphamvu kwambiri kuposa kale. Mu 1954, Crimea chilumba unasamutsidwa kuchokera RSFSR ku USSR, ndi Mlengi wa chimene chinapangidwa ndi Khrushchev. Ukraine, choncho iye sizinachitikepo anali gawo. chigamulochi wafunsira mavuto pakati Russia ndi Ukraine pambuyo kugwa kwa Soviet Union.

Pali maganizo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo moona zosaneneka, za zifukwa zenizeni zomwe zinachititsa Khrushchev kuchita zimenezo. Iwo anati ndi kuthamangira kuwolowa manja Khrushchev, ndi udindo ndi mlandu anthu a Ukraine kwa ndondomeko kuonetsa wa Stalin. Komabe, ndi zambiri ziphunzitso zochepa chabe.

Choncho, akukhulupirira kuti pachilumbachi anaperekedwa kwa mtsogoleri Soviet ngati amalipiritsa Chiyukireniya utsogoleri thandizo mu nomination kwa malo Mlembi Choyamba. Komanso, malinga ndi mfundo boma la view nyengo, kulanda Crimea chifukwa anali lofunika mwambo - ndi 300th chikumbutso mgwirizano wa pakati Russia ndi Ukraine. Pa nkhani imeneyi, kulanda Crimea ankaona "umboni wa chikhulupiriro chopanda malire a Russian anthu Chiyukireniya."

Ena amanena kuti mtsogoleri Soviet analibe mphamvu kachiwiri gulu la malire m'dzikoli, ndi kukana chilumba ku RSFSR kunali koletsedwa mwamtheradi. Komabe, malinga ndi maganizo ina ya macitiro enewa yakhala ikuchitidwa kwa phindu la anthu a Crimea. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti mbali ya Russia chifukwa cha kusamuka kochuruka kwa anthu lonse mu Stalin nyengo, Crimea yekha anakula ntchito zachuma. Anayesetsa kwambiri za utsogoleri dziko kuti resettlement zaufulu za anthu pa chilumba zochita anakhalabe zoipa izo.

N'chifukwa chake Anagwirizana za kusokonekera kwa malire mkati, amene ayenera kwambiri bwino ndi chuma pakati Ukraine ndi chilumba ndipo amathandiza kuti anthu ake lalikulu. Mu chilungamo tisaiwale kuti njira kenako anabweretsa kusintha kwambiri mmene chuma chikuyendera mu Crimea.

mfundo yachilendo

Khrushchev anayamba kulamulira, kuzindikira harmfulness ndi ngozi ya Chidani pakati Soviet Union ndi m'mayiko a Azungu. Asanakumane Malenkov adafotokoza pa US angakhalire bwino amgwirizano, chifukwa choopa zotheka midadada mwachindunji kugunda atamwalira Stalin.

Khrushchev ankadziwanso kuti standoff nyukiliya yoopsa kwambiri ndi chimawononga boma la Soviet. Nthawi imeneyi, iye anayesetsa kupeza ndi West, makamaka United States, mfundo zokhudzana. Chikominisi si mwa iye monga Zimatheka njira ya chitukuko cha dziko.

Choncho, Khrushchev, chithunzi mbiri chifukwa kufotokoza kanthu adapindulapo zina kusinthasintha, umalimbana mfundo yachilendo m'njira ya rapprochement ndi West, amene anazindikira phindu lonse la kusintha kuyambika.

Akuchuluka mgwirizano wa mayiko

Pa nthawi yomweyo debunking mwambo wa umunthu Stalin anali kungasokoneze okhudza pakati pa USSR ndi Communist China. Komanso, zinthu padziko lonse anayamba pang'ono ndi pang'ono Kutentha. A zambiri izi analimbikitsidwa ndi olusa a Italy, France ndi Israel, umalimbana Egypt. Khrushchev ankadziwa bwino Soviet Union mu zinthu zofunika pa East ndi kudziŵika kuti Soviet Union akhoza kuthandizapo mwachindunji asilikali amene akukonza mokwiya lonse.

Ndiponso anayamba chilengedwe chake ndi blocs asilikali ndale. Choncho, SEATO analengedwa mu 1954. Komanso, Germany anakawagoneka NATO. Poyankha zimenezi ndi West Khrushchev analenga bloc wa limati zokomera asilikali ndale. Izo analengedwa mu 1955 ndi cholinga ndi mapeto a Warsaw ke. maiko membala wa Warsaw ke anali Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Albania, Hungary, Bulgaria.

Komanso bwino ndi Yugoslavia. Choncho, Soviet Union anazindikira lachitsanzo makamaka ndi chitukuko cha chikominisi.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, tisaiwale kusakhutira mu maiko zokomera panu, amene kwambiri itakula pambuyo zatchulidwazi XX Congress wa CPSU. Pacimake kusakhutira kunabuka Hungary ndi Poland. Ndipo ngati yotsirizira anatha kuthetsa mkangano mwamtendere, zochitika Chihangare zinachititsa kuti chimake wamagazi, pamene asilikali Soviet analowa Budapest.

Mu malo oyamba kuipa kwa mfundo yachilendo Khrushchev, mogwirizana ndi azambiriyakale ambiri, ndi emotionality ake zimabwezera woonekeratu chiwonetsero cha khalidwe lake, lomwe anachititsa mantha ndi adzadabwitsa ya mayiko - oimira bloc Western.

Cuba chida mavuto

The mwamphamvu ubale pakati pa USSR ndi United States anapitiriza kukhala dziko anangotsala pang'ono ngoziyo nyukiliya. Woyamba kwambiri exacerbation zinachitika kusintha udindo wawo ndi kulenga mwa wokha woyendera nthambi demilitarized mu 1958 pambuyo Khrushchev amapereka Germany West. Maganizowa anakanidwa, umene unali chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko a.

Khrushchev ankafunanso kuthandiza kugalukira ndi kusakhutira otchuka mu zigawo za dziko lapansi, amene anali wolemera motengera United States. Pa nthawi yomweyo okha analimbitsa States maboma kwambiri ovomereza-American padziko lonse ndi chuma kuthandiza anzawo.

Komanso, Soviet Union intercontinental zida ballistic anali olemera. Izi sakanakhoza koma chifukwa nkhawa mu United States. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mu 1961, anayamba zinayambira chachiwiri Berlin mavuto. Guide West Germany kanalalikira kumanga mpanda kulekanitsa East Germany ku Germany West. kusuntha amenewa zakwiyitsa Khrushchev ndi onse utsogoleri Soviet.

Komabe, nthawi yoopsa kusagwirizana pakati pa USSR ndi USA anakhala ndi Cuba chida mavuto. Pambuyo ozunguza chigamulo West Khrushchev chokhazikitsa ku Cuba ndi nkhonya nyukiliya osiyana ndi United States, dziko kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri idali zenizeni bwino chiwonongeko. Kumene, chikwiyire United States kubwezera anali Khrushchev. Mbiri chithunzi cha iye Komabe, zonse njira ngati wosanganiza, izo kupsa mu kudzichepetsa wonse wa Mlembi Choyamba. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa zochitika zinachitika pa usiku wa 27 mpaka October 28, 1962. mphamvu onse anali okonzeka kupereka pa wina ndi mzake preemptive nyukiliya amenye. Komabe, Khrushchev, kenako agwilitse malo US Pulezidenti Kennedy anazindikira kuti nkhondo ya nyukiliya adzasiya kumbuyo palibe opambana kapena olephera. Kuti thandizo la dziko, atsogoleri a onse mwanzeru adalakika.

Sunset pa bolodi

Khrushchev, chithunzi mbiri osokoneza, chifukwa chokumbukira moyo ndi makhalidwe iye amakula ndi zochitika kale kwambiri yomangika lonse ndi zina negated ndi zikayenda wake.

Mu zaka otsiriza a ulamuliro wake, Khrushchev anavomereza zolakwa zambiri mfundo za m'banja. Moyo wa anthu ndinayamba poipa. Chifukwa cha zochita kudwala-ankaona pa masitolo amakhala zambiri osati pansi osati nyama, koma mikate yoyera. mphamvu Khrushchev ndi ulamuliro pang'onopang'ono chinazilala ndipo anataya mphamvu.

Mumagulu ndale panali madandaulo. Anavomera Khrushchev wachisokonezo osati zochita zonse kuuzidwa ndi kusintha sanathe koma kuwadzutsa mantha utsogoleri chipani ndi mkwiyo. Mmodzi wa madontho lomaliza kukhala kuvomerezedwa kasinthasintha wa atsogoleri chipani chimene chinachitika Khrushchev. yonena wake mu nthawi ino chikondwerero zolephera koposa kugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zochita unreasoned. Komabe, Khrushchev anapitiliza kugwira ntchito mwakhama zomveka, ndipo ngakhale anayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Constitution latsopano mu 1961.

Komabe, chipani utsogoleri ndi anthu ambiri tatopa kasamalidwe zambiri wachisokonezo ndi sizimadziwika wa dziko mlembi woyamba wa Komiti ya Central. October 14, 1964 pa Plenum mosayembekezeka akatenge tchuthi N. S. Hruschev inachotsedwa malo ake m'mbuyomo. Nkhani boma limanena kuti kusintha kwa mtsogoleri chipani zinachitika chifukwa zaka Khrushchev ndi matenda akale. Pambuyo Khrushchev anatumizidwa ku pantchito.

ziyenera a ntchito

Ngakhale podzudzula chilungamo cha mbiri yakale yokhudza malamulo mkati ndi kunja kwa Khrushchev, kuponderezana chikhalidwe ndi kuwonongeka kwa moyo chuma cha dziko, Nikita Sergeyevich, ukhoza kuitana kuti munthu amene anamuuza kuti Kupambana kwakukulu dziko. Pakati pawo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa woyamba Kanema yokumba, ndi spacewalk kwa munthu woyamba, ndi kumanga woyamba nyukiliya magetsi dziko, ndipo si monga lomveka mayeso a bomba wa hydrogen.

Iwo ankadziwa kuti kwambiri anapita chitukuko cha sayansi mu dziko ndi Khrushchev. Mbiri chithunzi cha iye, ngakhale ambiguity ndi unpredictability umunthu wake, akhoza wodzilemekeza ndi khola ndi amphamvu chilakolako chofuna kupititsa patsogolo miyoyo ya anthu wamba mu dziko, kuti Soviet Union yaikulu mphamvu dziko. Pakati zikayenda ena Tingaone ndi chilengedwe cha Chombo nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa "Lenin" umene unalinso anayambitsa Khrushchev. Mwachidule tinganene iye monga munthu amene kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa dziko muno m'dziko komanso kubwalo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo tikudzipereka zolakwa zazikulu. Komabe, chizindikiro cha Khrushchev moyenerera imatenga malo ake pa pedestal atsogoleri kwambiri Soviet.