Lydia ufumu Kale

Ancient Lydia ufumu pakati pa mzinda wa dera la kumadzulo kwa dziko la Malaya Aziya. Kumayambiriro kwa II ndipo ine zaka zinali mbali ya boma china champhamvu - la Fulugiya. Pambuyo kufooka ndi azingokhala, Lydia womalizira anakhala wodziimira chilli. likulu lake linali mzinda wa Sarde, yomwe ili pa magombe a mtsinje Pactolus.

chuma

Kuyanga chuma Lydia ufumu inazingidwa ndi chitukuko cha chuma ulimi. Mitsinje ya Asia Minor manyowa dothi lake ndi matope, ndi kuvumbitsira chonde kwambiri. M'mbali mwa anthu a m'dzikolo anabzala mtengo wa mkuyu, mphesa ndi mbewu zina zamtengo wapatali. Mu zigwa za mitsinje asangalala kukula tirigu.

Udindo Hrs wa ufumu Lydia analinso wothandiza ng'ombe ndi kuswana kavalo, umene ukugwira ziweto zochuluka. Mbali ina yofunika ya boma lakale la chuma - zitsulo. Mu Asia Minor migodi anali nkhokwe yokulirapo ya siliva, chitsulo, nthaka, mkuwa. Pactolus Mtsinje palimodzi amatchedwa "golide" (pa magombe ake wochuluka kudutsa yokha wapatali). Lydians sanali ambuye yekha wa dziko wolemera. Iwo anaphunzira mmene kuchotsa golide miyala ndi kukonzamo ndi patsogolo kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyo, luso ndiponso zipangizo.

Trade na Timatheriyali

Lydians anathanso kupanga zovala kwambiri, zipewa mwanaalirenji ndi nsapato. zoumbaumba awo wotchuka padziko Mediterranean (makamaka matailosi khoma ndi ziwiya utoto). Mu Sarde ankaumba njerwa olimba, ndi zina wotchuka ocher utoto wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Ili pa mphambano za ku Asia zakale ndi Greek wazolengedwa, Ufumu Lydia anatsogolera malonda yogwira ndi opindulitsa. amalonda ake anali wotchuka chifukwa solvency awo, omwe zatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza olemba mabuku akale. Mu Lydia anabwera ndi amalonda yachilendo - iwo anamanga hotelo omasuka. Dziko lino lakhala kale kale malo ndalamayo - latsopano njira yabwino malonda mankhwala. Zinapangidwa ndalama zosiyanasiyana zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, m'nthawi ya Mfumu Gyges anali ndalama kuchokera aloyi chilengedwe cha golide ndi siliva - lide. Lydians dongosolo ndalama inafikira m'mayiko onse oyandikana nawo. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale m'mizinda Greek wa Ionia.

anthu

The otchuka wosanjikiza Lydia anthu anali akapolo amene anaphatikiza ansembe ndi asilikali osankhika, eni malo olemera, amalonda olemera. Mwachitsanzo, Herodotus anatchula ena achifumu Pythia. Iye anali wolemera, kuti anapatsa kwa Persian wolamulira Dariyo Ine golide mpesa ndi mkuyu. The fuko lomveka chomwecho gulu lalikulu phwando Sasita, kupita ndi asilikali Greek mzinda-limati.

Lydia ufumu udachita mwa misonkho, anayambitsa kwa chuma cha mfumukazi ndipo akachisi. Timavala iwo makamaka abusa, nzika yaing'ono, osema. Pansi pa akapolo wapamwamba linaikidwa - yekha, kachisi, etc ...

andale

Lydia ndi mafumu tingachipeze powerenga za World Ancient. State analamulira mfumu. Iye ankadalira pa asilikali ndi alonda okhulupirika. The Lydia asilikali makamaka wotchuka magaleta awo ndi apakavalo. Nthawi zina mafumu anadza kwa atumiki a mercenaries mwa anansi: ndi Ionians, Carians, Lycians. Poyamba yofunika kwambiri moyo wa dziko wachita msonkhano otchuka. Koma pa nthawi, mphamvu centralized, ndi mafumu chidatha kulabadira maganizo a anthu.

Lydia ufumu kalelo, sanabadwe anamuchotsa wa zotsala chachikale chinkawavuta ndale komanso: miyambo ya makolo, pa malo mafuko kugawa, akale makolo lamulo, etc. Koma ngakhale zolakwa awa sanaletse dziko analowa zaka zake zagolide mu VII-VI zaka BC .. . e. Pa nthawi imeneyo ufumu wa malamulo Mermnadov mafumu. tate wake anali Gyges. Iye analamulira ku zoyambirira za VII atumwi. BC. e.

mfumu Gyges

Gyges anachokera munthu wolemekezeka, koma osati ufumu wa achifumu. Anagwira mphamvu zokhumba yachifumu. mfumu Lydia ufumu wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa olamulira onse m'dzikoli, monga akalambula wake ndi wolowa mmalo ake. Gyges anawonjezera kuti mphamvu zake Musiya, Trowa, monga gawo bwino za Caria ndi Frugiya. Chifukwa iyi Lydians anayamba kulamulira kupeza njira zochitira zofunika malonda apanyanja ndi Black Sea m'mavuto.

Komabe, ngakhale kupambana koyamba Gyges kukhala chosakwanira popanda nkhondoyo zina. Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha malonda Lydia ufumu, mbiri ya amene akubwerera, zaka zambirimbiri, zinali kutuluka kwa Nyanja Aegean. Zoyesayesa woyamba kupambana umenewu ulamuliro Greek wa Smurna ndi ku Mileto analephera. Koma Gyges anakwanitsa muligonjetse Magnesia ndi Colophon, membala wa Ionian League. Ngakhale kuti Lydia mfumu anamenyana ndi ena ndondomeko, iwo sanali mdani Ahelene onse. Amadziwika kuti Gyges anatumiza zopereka kwa Delphi, ndipo anakhalabe kugwirizana ndi ansembe a Helene mulungu Apollo.

Relations ndi Asuri

Western yachilendo Politika Lidii wopambana. Koma mu East kuti mliri ndi zolephera. Ku mbali iyi dziko anachenjezedwanso Ankakhala ku Kapadokiya Cimmerian magulu. Gyges anayesetsa kuti agonjetse Kilikiya ndi kufikira kugombe la Mediterranean kum'mawa.

Pozindikira kuti yekha ndi mdani yoopsa amalephera kupirira, mfumu wotetezedwa thandizo la Asuri. Komabe, posakhalitsa anasintha maganizo ake. Gyges anapeza ogwirizana watsopano - Babulo ndi ku Aigupto. limati izi ndafuna lichotse hegemony a oyandikana Asuri. Lydia limodzi ndi mgwirizano ndi ufumuwo. nkhondo Komabe, anatayika. Cimmerians anakhala ogwirizana anaukira Asuri ndi cholowa Gyges. Mu umodzi wa nkhondo anaphedwa. Oyendayenda analanda Sarde, likulu la ufumu Lydia. likulu onse (kupatula acropolis angaloŵe) unawotchedwa. Ndi mu iyi citadel anatumikira m'malo Gigosa - Ardis. Kenako iye anamuchotsa kuopseza Cimmerian. Price pa chitetezo mkulu - Lydia anakhala amadalira Asuri amphamvu.

Nkhondo ndi Media

Kummawa, Ardis mosiyana Gigosa anatsogolera ochenjera komanso kuwapatsa mfundo yachilendo. Koma iye anapita pa tiponye kumadzulo. Mu theka lachiwiri la BC VII atumwi. e. Lydia anali pa nkhondo ndi Mileto ndi Priene, koma sizinathandize. Nthawi iliyonse mzinda Greek anali kufotokoza ufulu wodzilamulira.

Nthawiyi, wapanikizidwa anansi ake anagwa Asuri. Lydia mafumu anayesa kumumvera kuwonjezera ulamuliro wake m'madera a kum'mawa kwa Asia Minor. Pano ali ndi odana watsopano - Midia. The nkhondo kwambiri mantha pakati pa maufumu awiri anabwera zaka 590-585. BC. e. Mwambo wa nkhondo lomaliza la msonkhano, limanena kuti pakali pa nkhondo wayamba kadamsana. Ndi Lidiya komanso a m'madera Amedi anali malodza. Ankamuona chodabwitsa zakuthambo monga zoipa ndipo anaponyera pansi zida zawo ndi mantha.

Posachedwapa, iye anali zinasaina pangano mtendere, kubwezeretsa zokhazikika (m'malire a dziko la mphamvu awiri anali mtsinje Galis). pangano linatsimikizidwa popereka ukwati dynastic. Apakatikati wolowa ndi Astyages adzakhale mfumu anakwatira Mfumukazi Lydia. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Cimmerians Pamapeto pake atulutsidwa Asia Minor.

Kugwa kwa maufumu

nthawi ina ya chitukuko ndi kukhazikika Lydia anadza mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Croesus mu zaka 562-547. BC. e. Iye adamaliza ntchito ya akapolo anzawo akale ndipo anagonjetsa mayiko Greek kumadzulo kwa Asia Minor. Komabe, pofika kumapeto kwa ulamuliro wa mfumu imeneyi Lydia anali panjira kupitiriza bwino patsogolo Persia. Madzulo a nkhondo mosalephera ndi mdani yoopsa Croesus adalowa mgwirizano ndi Athens, Sparta, Babulo ndi ku Iguputo.

Kukhulupirira mwa iwo okha, Croesus yekha litalanda Persia a ku Kapadokiya. Komabe, iye analephera kukhazikitsa kulamulira m'chigawo. Lydians anabwerera ndipo anabwerera kwawo. Persian mfumu Koresi II Wamkulu atonga kusiya nkhondo, ndi nkhondo ya dziko loyandikana nalo. Iye anatenga Croesus wamsinga, likulu la ufumu Lydia anagwa ndipo panthawiyi mpaka kalekale.

Mu 547 BC. e. Lydia anataya ufulu wodzilamulira ndipo anakhala mbali ya watsopano Perisiya. Ufumu wakale analengeza loyang'aniridwa. anthu Lydia kenako adziwane ndi ophatikizidwa ndi mitundu ina ku Asia Minor.

Culture, luso losiyanasiyana chipembedzo

Lydia chikhalidwe anali mmodzi wa patsogolo kwambiri pa nthawiyo. anthu ake analenga zilembo zawo. zolembedwazi ankagwira ntchito mofanana ndi Chigiriki. Komabe, okha anakwanitsa kumvetsa kuti amene amafufuza zamakezana za masiku ano.

Anthu a ku Sarde ndi midzi ina ya maufumu wakale anakonda kuvina ankhondo, asilikali gymnastic masewera ndi masewero a mpira, cubes ndi dayisi. Wotchuka Lydia music, kuphatikizapo wowerengeka songs, ndipo Lydia zida monga zinganga zinganga, nyanga, zitoliro, maseche ndi polychord Lira. Pakuti chitukuko wakale anali kwambiri chikhalidwe patsogolo. Lydians samangokhala nacho chidziwitso cha luso, komanso anali ndi madokotala kwambiri.

Olamulira a ufumu wakale anakwiriridwa m'manda. Komabe, luso la kumanga linga bwino otetezedwa anayamba kupanga. Anthu a dziko kumanga nkhokwe lonse. Lydia luso anapereka kwa dziko lapansi jewelers aluso amene anagwira ntchito zitsulo onse wapatali, ndi galasi ndi. Kuti wasamutsira ena miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha Agiriki wa East.

Lydia gulu inkakhala milungu yambiri. Makamaka akulemekezedwa anatsogozedwa mpatuko imfa ndi evocations (Attis, Sandown, Sabazios). Okhulupirira bungwe mu ulemu wa nsembe zawo. Wotchuka kwambiri anasangalala Great Amayi kapena Mayi wa Milungu, amene anali kugwirizana ndi gulu la mpatuko la chonde ndi nkhondo.