Kafka, Franz (Franz Kafka). Works, mbiri, zithunzi

Franz Kafka, amene ntchito ndi zodziwika mdziko lonse, anali wa Chijeremani wolemba chiyambi Ayuda. Oddly, wolemba, amene tsopano, zodziwika mdziko lonse, pa moyo wake sanali otchuka ndi lofalitsidwa angapo nkhani yochepa. ake onse cholowa mabuku a Kafka analamula moto, koma bwenzi lake Max Brod sanamvere, ndipo okha zikomo kwa dziko tinapeza amene lino wolemba mwachinsinsi, ndipo timudziwe bwino ntchito zake.

wolembayo ubwana

Kafka Frants - odziwika bwino German wolemba chiyambi Ayuda. Iye anabadwa July 3, 1883, limodzi la ghetto wa Prague, umene panthawi imeneyo unali mbali ya Austria ndi Hungary. bambo wolembayo - Hermann Kafka - Czech-anali Myuda, ntchito ngati wamalonda mu haberdashery shopu, ndi mayi wake - Julia Kafka - anati zambiri German, komanso France, amene Koma zimadziŵa kuti Czech ndi French. Banja, kuwonjezera pa iye, panali ana angapo. abale awiri achinyamata wolemba m'tsogolo anafa ali mwana, koma anali ndi alongo atatu. Little Franz ku sukulu mpaka 1893, ndiyeno anapita ku sukulu, pamene anamaliza mu 1901, analandira kalata matriculation.

zaka pakati

Pa mapeto a University of Prague Kafka analandira digiri wake m'chilamulo. Pambuyo pake, ntchito makampani inshuwalansi pa malo osavuta yaboma. Mu 1922, Kafka asanakalambe anapuma chifukwa matenda. Mnthawi utumiki wawo ofesi pagulu Kafka wokhulupirika kwa utakhala chachikulu - mabuku amene anathera nthawi yambiri. Chifukwa cha TB yaitali, limene linayamba kukha magazi m'mapapo mwanga, wolemba anafa June 3, 1924. Kafka asanamwalire anapempha mnzakeyo kuwotcha mipukutu yonse unpublished, koma sanamvere kwa iye, ndipo ambiri a ntchito za wolemba luso zinatuluka atamwalira.

Dziko lamkati la Kafka

Izo nthawizonse zovuta kulankhula za malingaliro a munthu, makamaka ngati amatsogolera moyo kwaokha. Komabe, moyo wa anthu otchuka German wolemba chiyambi cha Chiyuda uko zalembedwa umboni za osati yonena wake, koma malingaliro ake pa moyo. Kodi analidi Franz Kafka? "Kalata bambo anga", imodzi mwa ntchito wolemba Mwachitsanzo ndi kusinkhasinkha kwambiri cha ubale wolemba ndi bambo ake ndi kukumbukira mwana.

thanzi

Makamaka moyo wolemba zakhudza umoyo wake umene nthawi zonse mavuto. Akuti maganizo funso ngati mavuto ake chikhalidwe choganiza kwambiri, koma kuti matenda mliri wolemba, ndi wosatsutsika. Zamasamba zakudya ndi kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi - kuti ngati mongoyesa kuti tithane ndi mkhalidwe wawo Kafka. Franz anayesa mkaka ambiri unpasteurized ng'ombe, umene ungamuphe TB aakulu.

moyo

Akukhulupirira kuti kulephera kwa Kafka pa chikondi kutsogolo, kumlingo chifukwa ubwenzi wake ndi bambo wankhanza, chifukwa chimene konse anatha kukhala banja. Komabe, mu moyo wa wolemba anapezeka ndi akazi. Kuyambira 1912 mpaka 1917 anali chibwenzi ndi Felitsiey Bauer, amene ankakhala mu Berlin. Nthawi imeneyi, iwo wakhala ukugwira kawiri, koma nthawi zonse izo zikhoza kuyambitsa chilichonse. Kafka ndi Felicia Zikuvumbulutsidwa makamaka kudzera m'makalata zinachititsa kuti ndingaliro ya wolemba anatuluka olakwika za msungwana, pang'ono zabodza. Kuyambira kupulumuka makalata zikuonekeratu kuti iwo anali anthu osiyanasiyana akhala akulephera kupeza chinenero. Pambuyo Kafka anali pa ubwenzi ndi Julia Vohrytsek, koma chinkhoswe uyu nayenso posachedwa zimafika. Kumayambiriro 20 ntchentche wolemba anayamba chibwenzi ndi mtolankhani komanso anamasulira mabuku wake - Milena Jesenská - amenenso anali wokwatira. Mu 1923, Kafka ndi imasonkhezera wake Dora Dimant anapita ku Berlin kwa miyezi ingapo lichoke ku banja ndi kudzipereka kwa mabuku.

imfa

Mutapita ku Berlin, Kafka anabwerera Prague. Pang'onopang'ono TB wake kunadetsa patsogolo, kubweretsa mavuto atsopano wolemba. Izi zinachititsa kuti imfa ya Francis ku chipatala chaching'ono pafupi Vienna, limene mwina chifukwa cha kutopa. Lekeza ululu pakhosi sanalole kuti adye, ndipo pamene mankhwala mtsempha anali mu magawo oyambirira chitukuko ndipo sanathe amapanga chakudya kudzera yokumba. thupi kwambiri German wolemba anali kuwapititsa ku Prague, komwe anaikidwa m'manda mu New Ayuda manda.

Franz Kafka. chilengedwe

Tsogolo la ntchito za wolemba ndi zachilendo kwambiri. Munthawi ya moyo wake, Kafka talente yake anakhalabe yosadziwika, ndipo anaonekera atolankhani ochepa nkhani lake lalifupi, amene anali odziŵika bwino makamaka. Popular olemba anayamba pambuyo pa imfa, ndipo kokha chifukwa chakuti pafupi mnzake - Max Brod - sanamvere chifuniro chake, lofalitsidwa Kunena kuti Kafka anafuna kuwotcha, kotero kuti palibe amene ndi sadzawalola kuwerenga. Apo ayi, dziko sindikanadziwa amene Kafka. Kunena lofalitsidwa Brod, anayamba kukopa tcheru lonse. Onse ntchito lofalitsidwa la wolemba, kupatula zina makalata Milena Jesenská zinalembedwa mu German. Pakali pano, akhala linamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri ndipo zimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi.

Nkhani "The Metamorphosis"

Franz Kafka ntchito imeneyi mokwanira maganizo ake khalidwe, mayendedwe ogwetsa anasonyeza malingaliro ake pa ubale wa anthu. The ngwazi chachikulu cha nkhani - ndi Gregor Samsa, munthu amene kale anali atadzuka m'mawa, amazindikira kuti iye inasanduka chowopsya chimphona tizilombo. A kutembenuka lililonse kwa mwini zinthu zina. Kafka silimanena zifukwa sindikuyankhula za zimene zinachitika kale, mbali yaikulu monga zimachitika kulimbana ndi chakuti tsopano ndi tizilombo. Gregor Samsa ndazindikira ozungulira tione lake latsopano otsutsa. Atate atseka mu chipinda, ndi mlongo wanga, amene poyamba ofunda kwambiri limakhudza poyerekeza ndi ena amabwera nthawi kudyetsa iye. Ngakhale kusintha ake akunja, Gregor ndi munthu yemweyo, maganizo ake ndi maganizo ake sanasinthe.

Chifukwa iye anali breadwinner wa banja, ndi kunena achibale onse amadalira Gregor, yemwe anali inoperable atatembenuka, banja anaganiza lodgers. Latsopano anyantchoche zinthu mopanda manyazi, ndi achibale a protagonist kunadetsa yovuta kwa iye, chifukwa tsopano sangathe kuwasunga. Mlongo chimayamba kubwera kuchepa zambiri, ndipo pang'onopang'ono banja amaiwala za tizilombo, amene kale anali wachibale wawo. Nkhani umatha ndi imfa ya khalidwe waukulu, umene kwenikweni sanazichite banja lake pafupifupi palibe kutengeka. Pofuna kugogomezanso ankam'fooketsa anthu momuzungulira, pa mapeto a ntchito, wolemba limafotokoza mmene achibale a Gregor Samsa osasamala kukayenda.

kusanthula

Kabwerebwere wolemba penmanship kwathunthu zikupezeka mu nkhani "The Metamorphosis". Franz Kafka atenge mbali ya owerenga iye yekha salowa kuonetsa maganizo awo zotchulidwa. Ndipotu nkhani ikulongosola wouma zochitika. Khalidwe la kalembedwe wolemba alinso protagonist, amene anaonekera kwa wosalungama, nthawi zina zosamveka tsoka. Izi ndi sewero la munthu Tikakumana ndi zochitika zimene iye sanathe kulimbana. Ngakhale chiwembu wosangalatsa, nkhaniyo, ndipo pali zinthu zimathandizadi ndithu kuti kwenikweni akutembenukira mankhwala mu grotesque.

Roma "Njira"

Ngati ntchito zina zambiri chidwi wolemba, ntchito lofalitsidwa pambuyo pa imfa yake. Izi ndi zina mwa buku Kafka, amene amasonyeza zinthu osati za chotheka, komanso zongopeka ndi Kuzindikira. Mogwirizana kotheratu, zonse izi zimautsa buku nzeru zaumunthu, amene anali chithunzithunzi cha zikhumbo wolemba za kulenga.

Sizikudziwika mmene mfundo anatsogolera wolemba, kupanga "ndondomeko", koma pamanja alibe anapangidwa mankhwala zonse, kuti inkakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa chaputala osiyana. Kenaka pabwino pa dongosolo la zochitika, ndipo mwa njira imeneyi dziko anaona ntchito imene anapanga Kafka.

"Njira" limafotokoza nkhani ya moyo wa munthu dzina lake Yosefe K., yemwe amagwira naye ntchito yosavuta ya kubanki. Mmawa wina, iye anagwidwa ndi anthu osadziwika, popanda kutchula cholingacho. Kwa nthawi yaitali kuti iye penyani, koma pasakhale wina wakulanda njira am'manga iye.

Chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri apa ndi Josef K. sadziwa chimene iye anali amaganiziridwa, ndipo mlandu chifukwa sanali kubala chirichonse. Kuyambira mankhwala iye ayenera kuyesetsa kumvetsa chifukwa amangidwe. Komabe, sikutheka ngakhale mlandu kupirira aphedwa ndipo pomwepo kupha nkhonya mtima, "ngati galu". The mbali yaikulu yekhayekha vuto lawo, sangathe kukwaniritsa choonadi.

"The Castle"

Ichi ndi wolemba wina buku ndi zambiri zinthu chiwembu cha absurdity, omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa Franz Kafka. "The Castle" - ntchitoyi, limafotokoza nkhani ya munthu wina K., amene anafika m'mudzi ntchito yoyeza malo. Atangofika, iye akuzindikira kuti zonse apa umalamulidwa ndi m'linga, koma kuti ntchito kapena uko, iye ayenera kupeza chilolezo.

K. akuyesera njira zonse zotheka kuti mupeze chilolezo, koma iye sanali kusamalira kuchita. Zotsatira zake n'zakuti m'mudzi safunikira kuyeza, ndipo K. anapereka malo mlonda. The protagonist nazo, chifukwa iye alibe kusankha. Buku akuswa kuchoka pa ulendo Karl galeta. Monga pakati wolemba, Karl anali kuno kosatha, koma asanamwalire iye analandira uthenga kuti anakhala m'mudzi chinali choletsedwa, koma tsopano Castle lilili n'kumakagwira ntchito pano. Koma bwenzi lake, iye ananena kuti asiye ntchito pa buku, ndi kwa izo sakufuna.

ntchito zina

Kuwonjezera ntchito zimenezi ndi wolemba pali zambiri zochepa otchuka. Mwachitsanzo, pali zopereka angapo nkhani yochepa yomwe inayamba ndi Franz Kafka. "Letters kuti Milena" - chitsanzo chimodzi cha epistolary lyric wolemba. chopereka, muli kalata yopita kwa mmodzi wa omukonda - Milena Esinskoy, amene poyamba anali chabe anamasulira ntchito zake mu Czech. Chifukwa, pakati pa Wolemba Milena anamenya mpaka chikondi makalata, amene kwambiri ndi Kafka, koma anamuika kwambiri omvetsa chisoni kuposa kale izo, patapita anapezeka kuti khalidwe lawo ndi sikugwirizana.

Sizoti zosonkhanitsira, lomwe linalembedwa ndi Kafka. Franz pa moyo wake afalitsa nkhani zokhazo simunabwere naye kutchuka monga mabuku, anazindikira atamwalira, koma iwo ali chimodzimodzi chidwi ndi wofunika kwa mfundo mabuku a view. Choncho, iwo ayenera otchulidwa, nayenso. Kodi winanso amene analenga chidwi Franz Kafka? "Kukhotakhota" - gulu lanyimbo lalifupi, womwenso ntchito dzina chomwecho, ndi anthu ena ambiri, wotchuka kwambiri zimene ankaona "Investigation la galu."

kalembedwe

Chodabwitsa Kuzindikira, zenizeni ndi zopeka ... Apa zikusonyeza kuti mfundo zonse izi atakwatirana, koma wolemba amalowerera organically kumanga mfundo za m'njira zosiyana ndi Mitundu. Master mawu, ndi wanzeru amene losadziwika pa moyo wake, ndipo imfa yake unakhala wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi - onse Kafka. Franz unakhala chizindikiro cha nyengo, ndi mawu a anthu, kulalikira yekha.

Pomaliza

zilembo zake monga: akukumana ndi mavuto amene sangathe kuthetsedwa, ndipo M'modzi-m'modzi ndi tsogolo.

Komvetsa chisoni ndi kudzachitika azithunzithunzi pa mawonekedwe a grotesque mu nkhani lowoneka la Kafka. Iye salowa kusonyeza ngwazi kapena munthu modabwitsa wolemba limanena za kuopa anthu a chinachake apamwamba, kwa dziko lakunja, potsata zochitika. Kafka a zilembo zazikulu - anthu amene amapezeka mu mavuto, amene sadalira iwo, Ndipo sangathe kuthetsedwa. Zonsezi zinagwira osatetezeka awo, kusungulumwa ndi mantha - zonse zimene zonse pakati pa anthu amene an'dzacosa mu chikhalidwe alamu.