Kubera Anazi mphamvu mu Italy: amachititsa ndi zotsatira

Pansi Fascism ku Italy kumvetsa mfundo za ulamuliro wankhanza wa boma bizinesi, kuthera kuyambira mu 1922 mpaka 1943. kulinganiza ake ndi mtsogoleri Nduna.

Fascism: Tanthauzo

Mawu akuti ali ndi chiyambi awiri. Ndi Chitaliyana fascio anamasuliridwa kuti "League". Ku Latin - "mtanda". Iye anachita monga chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wa Chiroma. Mtsogoleri wa Fascism Italy - Nduna yayikulu - anachita fascia chizindikiro cha chipani chake. Kuyambira zochita zake, iye anayesetsa kuti abwezeretse ufumu wa Roma. The fascia anavomerezedwa mu 1919. amakhulupirira kuti kuyambira amene anabadwa Fascism. Khama la mabuku ambiri a sayansi limautcha m'derali amalambira motsatira miyambo kasamalidwe chitsanzo. Pamaziko a malangizo ake ena inakhazikitsidwa ina.

kayendedwe zoyambirira

Fascism ndi Nazism amafalitsidwa mwakhama m'ma XX. mitundu yambiri ilibe wamba mbali ndi akatswiri andale. Izo sizinali chomwecho ndi maganizo, chikhalidwe mwatsatanetsatane mfundo. Pa siteji koyamba Fascism ndi Nazi ku mawonetseredwe osiyana zidzachitika padziko lonse. Motsogozedwa ndi kayendedwe Hitler anatuluka mu Germany. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Argentina unakhazikitsidwa Peronism, mu Romania panali "Iron Alonda" anabadwa mu Spain falangizm ku Brazil - integralism, Japan - statism. Mu Hungary, anapanga "Muvi Cross Party" ndi zina zotero.

Chofunikanso

Pamaso pa achifasizimu Wachiwiri World kuti zochita zawo n'zochokera mfundo aumunthu. Aliyense kayendedwe anali mtsogoleri wawo. kachitidwe kamodzi chipani amaganiza. Ndipo lingaliro zinali zochokera Darwin chikhalidwe, elitism. Komabe, boma amayesetsa kutsatira Fascism apawokha za mtundu wawo. Mwachitsanzo, Portugal, panali munthu zachipembedzo-makampani boma, lomwe unatsogolera Salazar. Mu Spain, iye anayamba Phalangist Union. Ndi 1945 TH ambiri a maboma lopondereza anali olekanitsidwa Nazi. Kotero iwo anayesera kuthetsa equalization maganizo awo kwa Hitler chitsanzo.

ongolankhula m'munsi

Ganizo chifungulo cha dongosolo tinawandandalika mu "Chiphunzitso". Mlengi wake anali Dzhovanni Dzhentile. Iye anachita monga woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso cha chomwe actualistic. Dzhovanni Dzhentile kulengezedwa wake "Chiphunzitso" dziko la kanthu mu dziko la anthu. Iye anati anthu sangakhale popanda nkhondo. "Wamuyaya mtendere" anakanidwa ngati chinachake wosangalatsa.

Prerequisites kwa zikamera wa

The zifukwa kubwera kwa Anazi mphamvu mu Italy mizu mwa zinthu umoyo ndi zachuma mu nthawi imeneyo. zovuta kwambiri za nkhondo m'dziko anali oipa kwambiri. Analipo mavuto, ndale ndiponso zachuma osati osati ndiyakuti, koma M'malo mwake, ngakhale kwambiri kukula. Dziko lolonjezedwa mu Balkans, dziko sanalandire. nkhani yaikulu ndi anthu nsembe zinali zopanda phindu. A chifukwa cha nkhondo kuwonongedwa kwa gawo zachuma. Amowabu kuchepa kupanga kuwonjezeka ngongole kunja, nyamuka ku ulova. Mmene zinthu zilili ndi antchito ambiri sakuyenda bwino, zomwe zachititsa kuti funde kwambiri kayendedwe demokalase ndi antchito, komanso vuto la 1919-1920.

The chiphiphiritso otchuka anali kuitana mwa zionetsero kuti: "Kuti achite zimenezi, onse mu Russia." Kutanthauza 1917. Mu Italy, mwamsanga anayamba kufalitsa lingaliro la nationalization amakampani, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro wa anthu ntchito. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1920, antchito anayamba kulanda fakitale kumpoto kwa dziko, kuyambitsa nawo ulamuliro ntchito ya ulimi. Kum'mwera zakulitsa wamba osauka ndi ogwira ntchito zaulimi. Imeneyi msanga analimbitsa malo a Socialist Party. Anakhala gulu lalikulu kwambiri ndale mu dziko. Koma chifukwa cha kugawanika chokayikakayika utsogoleri zinachitika mu chipani. Mu 1921, izo wachoka ku phiko kumanzere. Iwo anapanga Party Communist.

Kubera Anazi mphamvu mu Italy

1919 imatengedwa poyambira chiyambi cha gulu latsopano. Mu March izo unachitikira khamu constituent wa chipani "kumenyana mgwirizano." Iwo imatsogoleredwa ndi Benito (azichepetsa) Mussolini. Iye anachotsedwa kayendedwe zokomera ndi kulumikiza disaffected asilikali, anthu anzeru, ophunzira, oimira bourgeoisie zazing'ono, osiyanasiyana mphonje ndi maganizo bwinobwino ndale. Zoyenda ake, ndipo panafika anthu umbanda. anthu awa onse amagwirizana ndi udani wa zokomera onse ndi chipani ntchito.

Choyamba, chiwerengero cha ophunzira anali ochepa. Koma atsogoleri a gululi bwino adzamasulira maganizo ambiri. Kubera Anazi mphamvu mu Italy zidatheka chifukwa cha ntchito yogwira demagogy chikhalidwe, malingaliro pa mawu otchuka pa nthawi. atsogoleri Party anali Tinkagawa malonjezo aakulu, kuyesa chikhulupiliro zigawo zosiyana ndi makalasi. Ndi kugwa kwa 1919 anayamba kuoneka magulu okhala ndi zida. mamembala awo ayamba mantha ndi unionists malonda ndi Nazi. Ngakhale malonjezo demagogic kuti amafalitsidwa azichepetsa Mussolini, oimira wa bourgeoisie chachikulu anaona mphamvu gulu kuti akhoza kuletsa ntchito antchito, kuteteza chuma ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo mu dziko, ndi kusamala zinthu za elites. Mu November 1921, izo analengeza mapangidwe a National lopondereza Party mu gulu Congress. Mfundo yaikulu ya pulogalamu anatchulidwa lofalitsidwa lingaliro la "ukulu wa anthu."

Features Italy Fascism inkakhala ku chakuti akwaniritse zolinga anali kutumikira zigawo zonse za anthu. Kuti tichite zimenezi, nawonso, kunali kofunika kwambiri kuti akhazikitse mtendere pakati pawo. Mogwirizana ndi izi, chikominisi ndi Socialists, kunena kuti kulimbana kwa proletariat ndi bourgeoisie, iwo anawayesa adani a mugwilizano wadziko. Iwo anayamba mwachangu ndalama phwando. Iye anathandiza landlords chachikulu, osunga ndalama ndi industrialists. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti kubwera kwa Nazi mphamvu mu Italy adzateteza zofuna zawo, kuwononga kayendedwe ntchito, ogwira ntchito mphamvu kumvera. Pabvomelezo ya akuluakulu a mtsogoleri osankhika a chipani tingati kuti musankhepo boma ndi magulu okhala ndi zida bungwe ndawala Rome. October 30, 1922 Mfumu chimaika Mussolini nduna yaikulu.

gululi

Kubera Anazi mphamvu mu Italy anakana ambiri. Mu magawo oyambirira udindo wa chipani yakhala yovuta. Komabe, pasanapite nthawi kuti thandizo lawo anadza kuphangira American. United States chisomo thanani ngongoleyo nkhondo ya Italy pa 80,2%. Komanso, kuchuluka otsala wakhala atchuke otsika chiwongola dzanja - 0.4%. Mwamsanga pambuyo pake, ndi Bank Morgan mu 1925 anapatsidwa ngongole ya $ 100 mln. Amene Pambuyo ngongole zina zingapo. Popeza kuti cholinga chachikulu cha dongosolo Versailles-Washington anachita odana Soviet kayendedwe, kubera Anazi mphamvu mu Italy analola 'kupulumutsa Europe ku chikominisi. " N'chifukwa chake Nduna "waweruzidwa chithandizo" mode.

kuzindikira konsekonse

Mussolini ankaona ngwazi, womenya ndi chikominisi. US kazembe Childe (mmodzi wa oimira chachikulu cha America), Nduna ya anadziwana ndi dziko ziwerengero chachikulu cha nthawi. mawu ofanana anatsika kuchokera mkamwa ndi wandale wina wotchuka wa America - Butler. Iye ankakhulupirira Nduna lalikulu States wa XX atumwi. Mlembi wa State, kenako membala wa US onyamula Mphamvu Charles Hughes, pa vuto la 1929-1933. Iye ananena kuti dziko likusowa "ndi Mussolini" kuthetsa alipo mavuto andale ndi azachuma. Kumayambiriro a 1927 ku Rome ndipo anapita Churchill. Anachita chidwi ndi kuchezeredwa ndi chidwi Mussolini.

Mwachidule Chiyambi Chawo

Mussolini anabadwa mu 1883. Iye anachokera ku banja wosula a. wakeyo mwauzimu Machiavelli. Mu moyo weniweniwo, Benito Mussolini posachedwa zokwanira anagwirizana ndi anthu Pankhondoyi. chakuti iye anali ndi ntchito wodzichepetsa monga mphunzitsi ku pulayimale anali akufuna, pamene adafuna kukhala Kaisara. Mu zaka 20, kuchizemba usilikali, Mussolini anathawira ku Switzerland. Apa iye zonse akunena kuti ndi zokomera, kenako anarchist, ndiye kuti kuli Mulungu, ndi zina zotero. Iye anakhala ndithu bwino. Ambiri chandalama. Kenako m'ndende, anachotsedwa Switzerland, anasamukira ku Austria.

ntchito Political Benito

Mu 1905, monga deserter amnestied, iye anabwerera kwawo. Popeza limodzi ndi Socialist Party, Mussolini mwamsanga ntchito. Kawiri iye anali mu ndende (kanthawi). Monga nthawi zambiri anaponya akazi ndi ana. Mu 1914, Mussolini anakhala mkonzi wa thupi zokomera, ndipo kenako kukonza nyuzipepala awo, kutifotokozera kumbuyo mfundo yakuti Entente. Nkhondo mu Italy amabadwa ali wamphamvu otchuka chosintha kuyenda. Pa nthawi imeneyi, nduna yaikulu m'tsogolo amapereka ntchito kwa a landlords ndi capitalists. Ndi thandizo la ndalama limene iye anasonkhanitsa Zankhanza ndi hooligans m'magulu - otchedwa lopondereza asilikali. Mu October 1922, iye bungwe la lodziwika bwino "March pa Rome". likulu anasamukira khamu la 8000 Blackshirts. Boma mantha, ndi Mussolini kuyembekezera zotsatira monga kukonzedwa, zochokera ku Milan. Rome mwadzidzidzi adalandira telegramu imene mfumuyo inamufunsa kuti akhale nduna yaikulu.

Pomaliza

Monga mbali ya dongosolo Versailles-Washington anali preordained udindo wa maiko amene anayenera ndi mbali ya "nkhonya" zotani mayiko ndi Soviet Union. Kumachitika kwenikweni imachitika pa Germany ndi mphamvu ena amene maboma adadzikweza kumlingo mosatsata pa msonkhano mtendere. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Italy. Turbid funde la gulu latsopano, umene unayamba mu zaka dvadtsytye woimira imperialists osati lodalirika mphamvu amenewa akhale vanguard wa njira odana Soviet. limati awa anali kukhala ojambula zithunzi woona wa dziko capitalist chifuniro.

Kale mu 1920 bwino chimatanthauza malamulo a mayiko "demokalase". zochita zawo zonse anali umalimbana polenga zinthu kuukira otchedwa amisiri wa USSR. Pochita zimenezi, mphamvu capitalist anali kukhala pa akungoonerera, osachepera mu magawo koyamba nkhondo. Izo ziyenera kuti Italy sanayambe ankaimba zeze yoyamba oimba mu Europe. boma analibe amasiyana angathe kwambiri mafakitale, zinali zovuta malo m'mayiko ambiri. Zonsezi kwambiri okha mphamvu lankhondo la Fascism ku Italy.